Impact of Occupational Health and Safety in Construction

Impact of Occupational Health and Safety in ConstructionAbstractThe main aim of the query is to breeding the impact of occupational health and preventative in verbal expression attention. It give also aim at identifying the attitude of twisting organisations as well as employees towards occupational health and base hit in India. To support the research, visual modality questionnaire and a teleph adept interview was conducted. It helped it achieving objectives of the research.The pull exertion is a very dangerous industry. The effect of the industry in occupational health and golosh is very myopic. The standard of occupational health and sentry go is even worse in exploitation countries. In Indian plait industry OHS has never been given prime importance. Even though in India turn industry is evidentially booming, there atomic number 18 no proper initiatives undertaken by the government to implement OHS rules and regulations. There are several initiatives taken by Government of India but they are still in their sign stages and need to be enforced.The employers are concerned about completion of project rather than focussing on improving OHS of their employees. The industry has bigger number of keen and speciality size of it firms and very few numbers of larger firms. Sm tot every last(predicate)yer firms lack resources to comply with proper OHS procedures. The workers are not provided with proper training and data about occupational health and safety hazards. Lack of awareness on OHS, sub-contracting system, use of traditional methods in construction, lack of proper personal protective equipments, wretched wages and labour-driven industry are nearly of the eventful factors that have their impact on occupational health and safety in Indian construction.The construction industry in developing as well as developed countries is one of the most significant industries in relation to the contribution to the GDP (Rantanen et al., 2004). Also i t is having a significant impact on the health and safety of the people working in it. fit to Haupt as cited in Rowlinson (2004), the construction industry has a poor record in relation to the health and safety of its worker. It is a known fact that workplace accidents are linked basically with unsafe behaviour. There is a positive correlation between safety climate on construction sites and workers safe behaviour. The attitudes of workers on construction sites toward health and safety are widely mouldd by their perception towards risk, health and safety rules and procedures management (Mohamed and Ali, 2005). According to Larcher and Sohail (1999), occupational health and safety is a highly important area of concern in developing countries where Acts related to safety rarely exist with weak regulatory authorities that finds it difficult to implement it effectively. Also awareness towards occupational hazards is not at all or rarely perceived. The other factors that affect occupat ional health and safety in developing countries are lack of statutory regulations and legislations to protect workers in construction sector, standards maintained in corporate and government systems are low, inadequate infrastructure and high labour intensity (Mohamed and Ali, 2005).Every year hundreds of accidents take place on construction sites resulting in severe injuries or even deaths. It is matter of concern that the same type of work related deaths, injuries and illnesses occur in the construction industries all over the world. The working life of construction workers is curtailed by several years receivable to the exposure to occupational health and safety hazards. The process of construction involves some(prenominal) hazardous activities such as working at height, manual handling, exposure to hazardous materials, frame erection, lifting operations, scaffolding, demolition works and groundworks. Falls and manual handlings are the important risks associated with injuries a nd long term disability in the construction industry (Gillen et al.1997).1.1 Background studyAccording to study conducted by Holmes et al., (1999), that the occupational health and safety risks are mainly related to the nature of work, low standard of individual work practices, lack of knowledge, work pressure callable to cost and period constraints. Rechenthin (2004) stated that, for a construction company to be consistently profitable, all its project must complete on time and within budget. But at the same time due to the nature of the high risk works undertaken by the construction companies results in high accident rates. Eakins (1992) stated that international research confirms that as compared to larger construction firms, smaller firms are poor in the implementation of occupational health and safety programmes. Henceforth, the rate of occupational injury is inversely proportional with the size of the organisation, i.e. smaller firm having higher injury frequency rates (McVi tte et al. 1997).As per Lingard and Rowlinson (2005), the construction industry consists of several SMEs and small amount of large firms. These small and medium size firms lack professional occupational health and safety advisors in staff. They also lack knowledge and resources required to implement occupational health and safety management activities for example training, performing risk assessments, routine inspections and audits. Moreover the expense due to involvement of expensive occupational health and safety advice and services whitethorn be considered as unnecessary. Due to high competitive construction industry with cost cutting pressures, the priorities related to occupational health and safety is likely to be low with small size construction firms.According to Rantanen et al., (2004), nearly 2.4 billion people in the developing countries have to bear employment conditions, that dont even pick up the basic occupational health and safety standards. promote more(prenominal ) due to lack of work safety, excessive amount of work pressures, exposure to occupational physical, biological and chemic environment results to occupational diseases and injuries to an extent of 1.2 million mordantities per year.1.2 Rationale for ResearchThis research studies the attitude of organisations in India, a developing country towards occupational health and safety. As per state of The Economic Times as cited in (Shenoy et al., 2000), size of the Indian construction industry is more than USD 25 billion. Due to large investment make in roads, railways, nuclear and other infrastructure areas, the construction sector of India is witnessing a high growth. After agriculture sector, construction sector is the largest employer in India, with more than 18 million people employed in it. In spite of all these advancement, the construction sector is still dependant largely on labour intense operations as they are easily available at low cost. Also occupational health and safety of people working in construction are not given due attention by the organisations (Shenoy et al., 2005). According to a report published by Construction Industry Development Council (CIDC) India (2010), safety in the construction industry is a matter of concern all over the world. With an unorganised workforce, issues related to construction safety become the most threatened segment in India. With 18 million people employed in the construction sector within India, the issues related to safety are considerably important. The industry is highly labour intensive with a large amount of workers exposed to the risks of occupational health and workplace safety problems.In construction industry the fatal accidents rate is comparatively four to five times higher than the manufacturing sector. In India 165 per 1,000 workers get injured while working on construction sites. Further the report states that the workers are exposed to several hazardous substances having the potential to cause ser ious occupational health diseases such as asbestosis, silicosis, poisoning etc. According to International Labour Organisation (2005), the rate of accident among industrial workers is highest with 4 per 1000 and the major contributor for this is the construction industry. International Labour Organisation (2005) report also estimated the number of deaths in India due to accidents at work as 40,000 in 2001 and 2,62,000 dying from work related diseases. Thus if construction is held responsible for one sixth of the total, then the death of the Indian construction workers can be estimated up to 60,000 each year.According to Damodaran (2006) safety in construction is in the fuck of list of priorities of builders, contractors and engineers. While the monetary loss heads the list, loss of man-hours and material progress are equally irreparable when scaffolding fails, a roof collapses or a fatal accident takes place at site of work, the human life is irreplaceable. The construction compani es in India have experienced that when a worker loses his life due to an accident on the site, there is a sudden downturn in the morale of the working force. It affects the spirit of working and the progress of work. It is only after some accidents takes place, the company begins to take safeguards. As labour is very cheap and unorganised, having little or no knowledge of their rights, the companies find it convenient as well as profitable using manpower rather than machineries. Though getting a job in the construction industry helps poor labours to get out of poverty, due to presence of high occupational health and safety risk it can drive them back into insolvency.1.3 Research aim and objectives1.3.1 Aim of the researchThe aim of this research is to study the impact of occupational health and safety in construction industry, whilst exploring the attitude of organisations and employees toward occupational health and safety in Indian construction industry.1.3.2 ObjectivesThe above mentioned aim will be achieved with the help of the following objectives1. To explore the issues impacting health and safety with the focus on occupational health and safety in the construction industry.2. To investigate occupational health and safety hazards and its impact in construction industry3. To investigate the implementation of occupational health and safety in the Indian construction industry whilstExploring the attitude of employees and construction organisations toward occupational health and safety in India.Investigating the impact of existing occupational health and safety rules and regulations on the Indian construction industry.1.4 Research methodologyThe adopted research methodology will be divided into primary and subsidiary research. In primary research, questionnaires survey and a telephone will be conducted. This will help in understanding and identifying the perception of the management and the employees toward occupational health and safety in Indian construc tion industry. In secondary research, literature review will be carried out in order to understand the factors affecting occupational health and safety such organisational culture, climate and government policies. It will also help in identifying different occupational health and safety hazards and its effect on construction projects.1.4.1 prime researchPrimary research such as questionnaires survey and telephone interview will help in achieving the main objectives of the research. Data will be lay in from clients, contractors, managers, site engineers and supervisors who play an important role in the construction industry. The data collected done the telephone interview will help in supporting the findings from survey questionnaire.1.4.2 Secondary researchSecondary research will be carried out through literature review. The data will be collected through electronic databases, journals, websites, magazines, books and conference papers. These data will help in identifying the issu es and factors influencing occupational health and safety in the construction industry.1.5 Limitations of the researchThe most significant limitation to this research is the time constraint. Due to limited availability of time, the research cannot be conducted in depth.Provided more time, it could be possible to visit India and collect more data available on occupational health and safety in the Indian construction industry.As the research is carried out from United Kingdom, the collection of secondary data is limited to the information available on websites.Limited research has been carried out in India related to occupational health and safety in the construction industry. As such, there is less availability of data to support this research.The other constraints can be that some companies may not be reluctant in providing the right information. During telephone interview there may be possibilities that the interviewee give diplomatic or misleading answers. Also the size of the com pany can influence the answers of the interviewee.Also the answers provided by the respondents may be influenced by the size and location of the company.1.6 Structure of dissertationThe dissertation will be divided into various chapters. Chapter 2, 3 and 4 will be part of literature review. An overview of the chapters included in this research thesis is as shown below.Chapter 1 Background study and rationale for researchThis chapter will provide an overall of overview of the research. It will consist of background study, aim and objectives and also the rationale for the research. It will also give an overview of the research methodology to be conducted in order achieve the desired aim and objectives.Chapter 2 Factors affecting health and safety on construction sitesThis chapter narrates the factors influencing health and safety on construction such as sub-contracting systems, organisations structure, size, location, personnel and incentive factors.Chapter 3 Introduction to OHS an d detail description of OHS hazardsThis chapter will provide detail description of occupational health and safety including safety culture, human behaviours and different OHS hazards.Chapter 4 OHS in the Indian construction industryThis chapter will investigate the current scenario of OHS in the Indian construction industry. It will also explore the government rules and regulations related to OHS and their influence on the construction industry.Chapter 5 Research methodologyThis chapter will provide a brief draught of the different research methods available and the adopted research methodology.Chapter 6 Analysis and interpretation of the surveyThis chapter will include analysis of data collected through questionnaires survey and the telephone interview with help of charts, figures and tables.Chapter 7 Conclusion and recommendationsThis chapter will include the summary of the research findings as well as recommendations related to the research.

Hitlers Rise To Power :: essays research papers fc

The name Hitler stirs up many emotions inside the hearts of wad. What could attain made Hitler so hostile towards the Jews? Could it have been his unhappy childhood, frustrated adolecsnce, his artistic disappointment, rejection from the Jewish society or merely the wound he received on the front during World War I. Adolf Hitler or the incarnation of absolute evil became dictator of Germany in 1933 and prepared his nation for war and a Final Solution to the Jewish problem. Hitler posed a great threat to democracy and redefined the meaning of evil for eternity. Hitlers undeniable hatred for Jews crushed his dream of a third Reich and only created more anguish, and aggression among the people of Germany.World War I was a great disparagement to the German people. Despair increased as the army returned to a bankrupt country. Millions of Germans could non find work, and a weak republic had replaced the defeated Germany. The German people were humiliated and full of distress. They were looking for many ways to restore their dignity and pride, hardly little did they know that things would get much worse. The rain of inflation fell on the just and the unjust alike(Flood 313) By 1923, Germany was facing deep troubles. at that place was major inflation and the majority of the population was poverty stricken. Problems were beginning to escalate while Germany was in a dismal economic state, shops were closing and, no 1profits in production resulted in vast unemployment. Hungry and miserable the people turned to Hitler. He was a skillful schemer, politician, and organizer. This was Hitlers opportunity to preach amongst the German people. Hitler preached German superiority, more precisely to the Aryan race. Since the country was in total and complete chaos after the war, and was forced to pay billions of dollars in reparations, the German people saw some sort of hope in Hitler. Germany lost a large amount of its territory. The Empire was no more. Hitler saw an opportuni ty and moved to fag it (Alexandria 75). When he took power the economy was basically non existent. Hitler did not believe in total truth, instead he relied on halve truths, and big lies. For example he believed that the Jews were a sub -human race, that should be treated terribly and be completely disposed of. The German Workers Party appealed to Hitler even though they were small, disorganized, and led by a group of misfits.

Of Mice And Men Essays -- essays research papers

Every day, people are faced with responsibility. Some thrive under the pressure while others crumble. Responsibility is a attribute of independence. Teenagers with greater amounts of responsibility feel freedom from their parents. In the same case, too much responsibility can put more stress on that freedom-seeking young and can have devastating effects. John Steinbeck shows the theme that in life, responsibility is best taken in moderation in his novel Of Mice and Men.In Of Mice and Men, George shows the pitch of responsibility on taking care of Lennie. George knows he could be better off without Lennie. When I think of the swell time I could have without you, I go nuts, George finally expresses. He even tells the other farm hands, If I was alone, I could live so easy. George often keeps his single like in the natural covering of his mind. Even so, George stands up for Lennie many times. His advice is al federal agencys in Lennies best interest. He watches out for Lennie when h e keeps hold of Lennies work card and lot pass. George also knows that he and Lennie wouldnt have jobs if he didnt make Lennie keep quiet. Lennie cannot take care of himself without George. With George watching out for Lennie like he does, Lennies mishaps can also have detrimental effects on Georges life. George loses his job and his best friend because of his connection with George.Lennie also exemplifies the theme by the way he wants to and physically car...

Discrimination Against the Deaf Culture Essay -- Discrimination Again

The deafen community does not see their sense of hearing impairment as a disability but as a culture which includes a history of discrimination, racial prejudice, and segregation. According to an online transcript,Through Deaf Eyes (Weta and Florentine films/Hott productions Inc., 2007) there atomic number 18 thirty-five million Americans that are hard of hearing. Out of the thirty-five million an estimated 300,000 people are completely deaf. There are ninety percent of deaf people who have hearing parents (Halpern, C., 1996). Also, most deaf parents have hearing children. With this being the exemplification, deaf people communicate on a more intimate and significant level with hearing people all their lives. Deaf people can be found in every ethnic group, every region, and every economic class (Weta and Florentine films/Hott productions Inc., 2007). The deaf culture and hard of hearing have plenty of arguments and divisions with living in a hearing world without sound however, that absence will be a starting point of an identity within their culture as well as the hearing culture (Weta and Florentine films/Hott productions Inc., 2007).In todays times, it is possible for a deaf family to characterize themselves as an all American family. For many centuries hearing people classified deafness as a horrendous misfortune. As account by a historian at the University of Iowa, Doug Baynton, in the early 1800s most of the deaf people in America lived in segregated rural areas from ace another, and with little confabulation with the people around them. They also had a limited understanding of what they could do of their own possibilities. People with deaf children really had no nous of what their children could achieve (Baynton, D., 2007).There... ...eline of hearing devices and early Deaf education Fact sheet. Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO AuthorGallaudet University. (1997). Public relations Gallaudet University The beginnings. Gal laudet University, 1-17. Retrieved from http//pr.gallaudet.edu/ Halpern, C. (1996). Halpern Listening in on deaf culture. University of Colorado Journals, 1-6. (Original work published 1995). Retrieved from http//www.colorado.edu/ National Institute of Health. (2011). National Institute on Deafness and other communication disorders Improving the lives of people who have communication disorders. National Institute on Deafness and other communication disorders,2-2. Retrieved from http//www.nidcd.nih.gov/ (Weta and Florentine films/Hott productions Inc. (2007). Film transcript Through Deaf Eyes. PBS, 1-69. Retrieved from http//www.pbs.org/

the 5 pillars of islam Essay -- essays research papers

Five Pillars of IslamIn order to follow the right path in the Islam religion its followers, Muslims, are required to physical exertion its flipper pillars, or duties. Each of these duties is mentioned in the Quran however, scholars have found a more detailed explanation in the Hadith. The five pillars are uttering the Shahada, prayer, zakat, participating in the fast, and a pilgrimage to Mecca. The first of the five duties is uttering the Shahada, a joint that declares the faith of the follower. The phrase is, There is no god but God and Muhammad is His messenger. This phrase is used in the daily life of Islams followers, because this phrase illustrates the central beliefs in the Islam faith. The second ritual duty is prayer. Muslims are obligated to pray five times each day. The prayer sessions must take place at designated times of the day and following the proper procedures. These designated times are at dawn, midday, in the afternoon, during the evening, and at sunset. Before prayer begins Islams followers must cleanse themselves both physically and mentally to achieve the purity required to engage in prayer. Prayer also must follow a cycle. Takbir is the first step in the cycle. This step is the opening sutra which means that the follower says, Allahu akbar, which mean God is great. At this point the worshiper will perform four postures, standing, bowing, postrating, and sitting...

Sophocles Antigone - Antigone as Bad Citizen :: Antigone essays

Antig star The Bad Citizen Being a good citizen often involves doing something out of the ordinary to help others. Sometimes, that involves going against the will of others to do what the good citizen might think is best. Although this is traditionally the case, the biggest factor in being a good citizen is great respect for the nation in which one lives. If one wants to be a good citizen, he or she might go out of his or her way to help others, however, must do so at bottom the rules of the nation. In the Greek Drama by Sophocles, entitled Antigone, the hero, Antigone, shows, what I would call, bad citizenship. How is this? Why is she being a bad citizen? The setting of the drama is in a fictional kingdom known of as Thebes. This kingdom is basically run by a set of rules and laws. Whether they are necessary or not, these rules must be obeyed. In Thebes, one of the rules states that Antigones brother is not allowed to due a respectable death and therefor, will not have a proper funeral. Antigone is torn by by this. Her brother whom she loved very much(prenominal) will not be able to have a respectable funeral. She explains in the drama how much she disagrees with the rules of the land. Because of this disapproval toward the law, she takes it upon herself to remove the corps of her brother from its assigned post so she can do whatever she wants with it. She has broken the law. Although what she is has done is the right thing to do in her mind, the law states that it is not allowed. Throughout the drama, she consults her child, Ismene, about whether or not she feels though she should commit this crime or not. Ismene makes it clear that she should not and attempts to discourage her sister from doing what she did. Contrary to the advice of her sister, Antigone does indeed commit this crime for she feels that it is what a good person would do. To the average American, Antigones actions might be considered the right thing to do.

african american religious music Essay -- essays research papers fc

African American religious euphony is the foundation of all contemporary forms of so called black music. African American religious music has been a fundamental part of the black experience in this country. This common staple of the African American experience can be traced back to the cruel system of slavery. It then evolved into what we refer to today as credo music. The goal of this paper is to answer three main questions. What are the origins of African American religious music? How did this musical expression develop into a secular form of music? What is the future of African American religious music? These questions will be answered through factual research of African American traditions, artists, and various other sources.The origins of African American religious music are outright linked to the blackamoor spirituals of enslaved Africans. One cannot research religious music of blacks in this country without first exploring these spirituals. The spirituals were part of a r eligious expression that enslaved people employ to transcend the narrow limits and dehumanizing effects of slavery. It was through the performance of the spirituals that the individual and the community experienced their God, a God who affirmed their humanity in ways whites did not and a God who could set them free both spiritually and physically. These sacred songs were also used as secret communication. That is not to say that all spirituals functioned as coded protest songs or as some sort of secret language. The structure of the spirituals and the way in which they were created and performed allowed for flexibility in their function and meaning. The primary function of the Negro spirituals was to serve as communal song in a religious gathering, performed in a call and response pattern reminiscent of West African traditional religious practices. During these ceremonies, one person would begin to create a song by singing about his or her own sorrow or rejoicing. That individual experience was brought to the community and through the call and response structure of the singing, that individuals sorrow or joy became the sorrow or joy of the community. In this way, the spiritual became truly affirming, for it provided communal support for individual experiences. Slaves used the characters of the bible, particularly the Old Testament,... ...erself expanded gospels exposure when she appeared twice on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. Meanwhile, television producer Bobby Jones reaches four and a half million viewers each week with his BET program, creed Explosion. However, the test for Gospel music reflects one that all Christian musicians must wrestle with Can Gospel continue to increase its fortune in the mainstream marketplace while tranquillize maintaining its spiritual base? Despite what you believe the answer to be, African American Religious music will continually evolve. Since Thomas Dorsey first stretched the boundaries to create gospel music, choirs, q uartets, and power vocalists have been singing the same song, albeit in different styles and places. As African American religious music continues to grow beyond even Dorseys expectations, one can only hope that it will be embraced regardless of how it is labeled by everyone who needs to be reminded of the good news it represents.Bibliography1. Score Magazine, may 2002 edition2. Gospel Today Magazine. August 2003.3. http//afgen.com/gospel4. http//www.americangospelquartet.org5. http//www.jcchorus.com/