Business Essays - International Market Sales - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1710 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? International Market Sales 1. Introduction Toyota is the automotive company with the biggest market share of the industry and over the course of the last decade has almost doubled it Sales. Growth in Japan has only accounted for 27% of this achievement, highlighting the importance internationalisation has had for Toyotaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ambition to become the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s number one automobile producer. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Business Essays International Market Sales" essay for you Create order Figure 1: Global Market Share (Source: Datamonitor 2008) The Automobiles Industry is one of the few truly global industries as demand is spread around the world, and the big car companies all compete in all markets. Currently NAM still accounts for the biggest market, closely followed by Europe. However Asia-Pacific is the fastest growing market and is likely that over the next couple of years the market shares per regions will converge. Figure 2: Market share by region (Source: Datamonitor 2008) This report will look at understanding the key drivers for internationalisation as well as local differentiation from the perspective of manufacturing and supply chain. In 2007, exactly 50% (all figures are based on Toyota Databook 2008 figures replicated in Appendix 1: Production and Sales by region) of production took place outside Japan, compared to 32% in 1998. This was achieved during a period of intense growth and translates into an expansion of 293% in overseas production capacities, compared to an increase of 134% in production capacity in Japan. Figure 3: Share of Overseas Production as % of total Production The fact that Toyota has internationalised its capacities should not cloud the fact that there is still significant production in Japan for external markets 62% of all cars produced in Japan 2007 were exported. The key export market is NAM, which like most regions shows a production deficit compared to its Sales. The only region where sales equal production is Asia (excluding Japan), all other regions are net importers. Figure 4: Consolidated Vehicle Sales and Production (Source: Toyota Annual Report 2008) To quantify the level of internationalisation a company has achieved, the calculation of a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Transnationality indexà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is used as a measure. It is computed as an average of three ratios. Foreign assets as proportion of total assets Foreign Sales as proportion of total sales Foreign Employees as proportion of total employees: Figure 5 shows the transnationality index for Toyota and its two biggest rivals. The data shows that Toyota is now the most internationalised of these three, and has overtaken Ford who ten years ago was ahead with regards to transnationalization. The comparison also shows the discrepancy between foreign assets, which it leads, and foreign employees, where it scores significantly lower than its competitors. This could indicate a less labour intensive and more effective production as well as a more centralized organization structure that keeps many of the non-asset leveraging staff functions in Japan. 2005 Toyota 2005 GM 2005 Ford 2005 Foreign Assets as proportion of total assets 54% 37% 44% Foreign Sales as proportion of total sales 63% 34% 45% Foreign Employees as proportion of total employees 38% 58% 53% Transnationality index 52% 43% 48% 1996 Foreign Assets as proportion of total assets 35% 25% 31% Foreign Sales as proportion of total sales 47% 32% 45% Foreign Employees as proportion of total employees 23% 34% 38% Transnationality index 35% 30% 38% Figure 5: Transnationality Index for Top 3 Automotive companies (Source: UNCTAD WIR 1998/2007) 2. 1 Globalisation at Toyota The automotive industry is a mature, highly-competitive market that is experiencing global concentration (Datamonitor: Global Automobiles Industry Report 2008). The key driver for growth is the need for increased economies of scale in RD, engineering, design, production and marketing. In addition, regulatory requirements with regards to safety, fuel economy, emissions etc require large central investments. Many competitors of Toyota have engaged in MA and RD alliances, Toyota is one of the few companies that has grown mainly organically. Japan has a home market provided only limited potential for growth, and in fact declined (Sales of 2007 have been only 92% of sales in 1998), therefore international expansion has been the way to enable scale economies. Many of the drivers for internationalisation of its production system can be based on the framework depicted below. Push factors have been cost disadvantages experienced through a relatively costly production environment in Ja pan, cost of shipping for export, and the need for risk diversification with regards to developments in the home market. A maturing market and increased foreign competition have forced Toyota to focus its growth strategy abroad, and the need to internationalise its production network in response to the sales success has followed. Figure 6: Drivers of internationalisation (Source: WBS Course Notes IB, Lesson 5) Car manufacturing is a complex process and its production chain can be broken into three major subprocesses (Bodies, Components and Engines Transmissions) plus assembly, all of which are fairly independent from each other. This lends itself to a globally diversified set of production locations based on the best factor endowments with regards to the needs of the subprocess, i.e. assembly is fairly labour intensive whereas Engines Transmissions is highly technologically advanced process. In short, the key drivers for internationalisation can be summarised below: enabling growth and access to new markets economies of scale: central cost of product development need to control quality have let to a full ownership model reuse of technology à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" standardizing, the lesser parts the better, etc. 2.2 Drivers of localisation Toyota was successful in following its internationalisation strategy and stimulated demand abroad. Initially, it followed an export strategy to meet foreign demand, however encountered trade barriers leading it to a second phase of internationalisation in which it started to build production facilities abroad. Given the highly idiosyncratic production environment of Toyota à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" which has become synonymous for lean operations and quality focus à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this step has created more anxiety than usual, as the Toyota Production system and its supplier system were deemed culturally entwined with the mentality of a Japanese workforce and the keiretsu structures of a the Japanese environment. However the drivers towards a localisation of manufacturing and supply-chain were so strong that Toyota had to attempt transferring its management system and culture into culturally different places. The main drivers that drove this decision were: tariff barriers and pressure for FDI rather than just exports (particularly from the US) off-setting currency risks cost of shipment need to match local taste of consumers One of the key decisions was where to place the new plants abroad. As particularly the auto industry leads to an agglomeration of supporting industries down the value chain, there is significant national and regional government support to be gained as host country governments are aware of the job creation effects and possibilities for home companies in the development of the supplier industries. In addition, these clusters support the knowledge sharing and excellence building, and have a significant impact on technological innovation that can lead to spill-over effects.. Toyota has become famous for its choice of Greenfield sites at rural places, which is firmly linked to the development of its particular organizational capabilities and the need of a workforce that is open to the Toyota approach and can be acculturated to the Toyota way. Therefore Toyota was in a position to chose a location with maximum support of government bodies, and a match to the sales requirements of the region. In 2008, Toyota has 53 manufacturing companies established in 27 countries of the world, see details below: Figure 7: Overseas Manufacturing Companies (Source: Toyota Databook 2008) Given the physical restraints, and particularly the just-in-time system that Toyota has championed, supply chains are required to be local and flexible to meet the different needs. Despite the fact that in theory transaction costs can be minimized through the reduction of suppliers a company entertains relationships with, the benefits of flexibility and local responsiveness outweigh this concept in many cases. As an example, Toyota is now sourcing some of its engines for the European market from Porsche rather than importing it from its own motor production plants. Local responsiveness to the needs of the consumers is another reason why production has become more localised over the last decade. Until shortly, the tastes and preferences of European and American consumers were very diff erent, although the explosion in gasoline prices might lead to a convergence of preferences for fuel efficient cars in the future. It therefore was a logical conclusion to build the models in the regions where they matched the majority of the demand. Whereas this limits scale effects as products are produced in more and smaller plants, the scope effects with regards to core technology, learning effects of generic manufacturing and human resource management techniques still apply, thereby enabling Toyota to implement a production system that can reap the benefits of internationalisation as well as be responsive to its local customers. 3. Summary Toyotas internationalisation strategy has been highly successful, evidenced by a 200% increase in revenues over 10 years with stable profit margins, which stands in sharp comparison to its rivals, particularly its American ones (see graphs below). The push for internationalisation has initially been market seeking given the limitations for growth in its home country Japan. However initially production has not mirrored internationalisation of demand and followed an export model. The restrictive trade policies encountered in Europe and the US however have driven Toyota to internationalise its production capabilities, which it has almost tripled with regards to capacity in the last 10 years. As production capability is considered to be one of Toyotaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s core capabilities lending competitive advantage, it is only stringent that Toyota has opted for a full ownership approach. Toyotaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s production facilities now cover the globe and remain centrally in tegrated, although the key focus on models produced is those that meet local market demand. Achieving the right mix of internationalisation and localisation remains one of the key challenges as the trade-offs of scale economies versus flexibility and customisation remain. Appendix 1: Vehicle Production, Sales and Exports by Region Appendix 2 References Datamonitor (2008): Automobiles Industry Profile: Global. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=32200475site=bsi-live Toyota Corporation (2008), Overseas Production companies. Toyota in the world 2008 Databook, accessed 02.08.2008 https://www.toyota.co.jp/en/about_toyota/in_the_world/pdf2008/26overseas.pdf Toyota Corporation (2008): Vehicle Production, Sales and Exports by Region, Toyota in the world 2008 Databook, accessed 02.08.2008 https://www.toyota.co.jp/en/about_toyota/in_the_world/pdf2008/32sales.pdf Unctad: World Investment report 2007, accessed 02.08.2008-08-03 https://www.unctad.org/en/docs//wir2007_en.pdf Unctad: World Investment report 1998, accessed 02.08.2008-08-03 https://www.unctad.org/en/docs/wir1998_en.pdf WBS course notes (2008): International Business.

The Effects Of Child Abuse On The United States - 1395 Words

It s difficult to comprehend that an adult, often a parent or caregiver, would intentionally hurt an infant or child. Yet nearly a million children are abused in the United States. Unfortunately that excludes children who s incidents of child abuse are unreported and undetected. Child abuse can be defined differently from state to state, but commonly presents in the form of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, neglect and abandonment. The focus of this review is physical abuse, which is defined as non-accidental physical injury, from bruising to fractures to the most serious cases of abuse ending in death (Sink, Hyman, Matheny, Georgopoulos Kleinman, 2010). Non-accidental trauma (NAT) is a leading cause of childhood traumatic injury and death in the United States. It is estimated that 1,400 children died from maltreatment in the United States in 2002, and abusive head trauma (AHT) accounted for 80% of these deaths (Paul Adamo, 2014). AHT, also known as shaken baby syndrome or inflicted traumatic brain injury can be caused by direct blows to the head, dropping or throwing a child, or shaking a child. Though the incident may only last for a few seconds, the effects can last a lifetime. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of the United States, abusive head trauma (AHT) is most common in children under age 5, with children under one year of age at most risk. Nearly all victims of AHT suffer serious, long term health consequences such as visionShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Child Abuse On The Emotional Development Of The Infant To Five Year Old Child In The United States. 681 Words   |  3 PagesThe Effect Of Child Abuse On The Emotional Development Of The Infant To Five Years Old Child In The United States. Child abuse is one of the most serious issues in the United States today. Child abuse is generally the maltreatment of a minor, and includes a physical, emotional or psychological harm to a child. Neglecting a minor is another type of abuse such as malnutrition, abandonment, and inadequate care of a child’s safety. Additionally, any neglectful act can lead to physical or emotionalRead MoreThe Effect of Child Abuse on The Emotional Development of the Infant1229 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effect of Child Abuse on the Emotional Development of the Infant to Five Years Old in the United States A Review of the Literature Child abuse is one of the most serious issues in the United States today. Child abuse is the physical, emotional/ psychological or sexual maltreatment of a minor. Neglecting a child is another type of abuse, and includes malnutrition, abandonment, and/or inadequate care of a child’s safety. Additionally, any neglectful act can lead to physical or emotional harmRead MoreChild Sexual Abuse Within The United States1417 Words   |  6 PagesChild Sexual Abuse: It’s Prevalence and Severity in The United States Today, Americans fail to realize the prevalence and severity of child sexual abuse within the United States. Though crimes of adult rape are of equal importance, the sexual victimization of children, ages seventeen and under, accounted for nearly 70% of all reported sexual assault cases in 2015. To further the issue, arrests were made in only 29% of these child sexual abuse cases; this means that for every ten sexual abuse casesRead MoreChild Abuse And Effects On Children Essay1490 Words   |  6 Pages Child Abuse And Effects Is Child abuse more common in low income/divorced families than more wealthy intact families. Rami A. Sabri The Edina High School Rami A. Sabri Department of English, Edina High School Intro The general area of interestRead MoreChild Molestation Informative Speech845 Words   |  4 Pages Child Molestation Outline General Function: To Inform Specific Purpose: After my speech my audience will know what child molestation is, the road to recovery, and the obstacles along the way. Central Idea (Thesis Statement): Most people fear the fact’s of child molestation, but the truth is there is a very distinct definition to child molestation, severe effects to the child in the aftermath, and a long road to a successful recovery. Pattern of organization: Topical Outline: I. IntroductionRead MoreAbuse993 Words   |  4 PagesChild Neglect 1 Running Head: CHILD NEGLECT Child Neglect Sahar Taki American University of Culture and Education Eng 260 Child Neglect 2 Abstract Study results found evidence that the apparent negative effects of maltreatment on children’s tendency to engage in crime were real. Being maltreated was found to almost double the probability of engaging in many types of crime and the effects were worst for children. Sexual abuse appeared to have the largest effects on crimeRead MoreChild Abuse Is A Serious Problem1495 Words   |  6 Pageslot when it comes to child abuse, especially the children in the United States. According to Child Abuse Statistics (2012) more than three million reports of child abuse in the United States and these reports involves more than six million children. The United Stated have a really high number of child abuse crime compared to other countries. Every ten seconds a report of child abuse is made. The United Stated lose about four to seven children every day because of child abuse and three out of fourRead MoreNature and Social problems1091 Words   |  5 PagesProblem Child abuse and neglect has been a prevalent problem throughout history and although progress has been made, it continues to till today. Children are subjected to the treatment of the adults surrounding them and have limited capacity to make their own decisions and protect themselves. Children are often defenseless and end up being taken advantage of and this can lead to abuse and neglect, including sexual, psychological, and physical abuse that cause short-term and long-term effects for theRead MoreChildren Are Victims Of Child Abuse1353 Words   |  6 PagesNovember 10, 2014 Damage Done Did you know that more than six million children are victims of child abuse in the United States? We lose four to seven children every day due to abuse and neglect. The United States has one of the highest child abuse records across the nation (National Child Abuse Statistics 1). Children can be abused in many ways including neglect, physical, mental, sexual and emotional abuse. People do not realize the severity of this epidemic. More and more children are being effectedRead MoreHistory of Child Abuse1113 Words   |  5 PagesHistory of child abuse BSHS/408 February 15 2016 Chiffone N Shelton Abstract In order to discuss child abuse and neglect it is important to have a clear understanding of what child abuse and neglect is and the different form of child abuse. How the various types of child abuse and neglect are different from one another, ill-treatment of children comes in many forms, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional ill-treatment, and child neglect. Child neglect comes in many forms and occurs when

Child Function Pattern Assessment free essay sample

Pattern of Health Perception and Health Management: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group. | Healthy patterns are established such as brushing their teeth prior to getting dressed and at bedtime Learning to recognize when to wash their hands, | Parents allow preschooler to assist with small task in the kitchen to encourage a healthy lifestyle Preschooler is encouraged to learn basic hygiene. | Child is aware that dirty hand causes illnesses but not why. Parents encourage healthy hygiene such as hand washing and proper bathing | | Parents do not in cooperate toddler in healthy routines like oral hygiene Parents do not help toddler recognize when hand washing is needed. | Parents do no encourage preschoolers to learn about healthy living. Preschooler is not encouraged to maintain basic hygiene | Child disregards dirty hands frequently with no comprehension on why they need to be clean Parents have no Hygienic control over child. | Nutritional-Metabolic Pattern: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group. | Parents are decreasing the amount of milk to increase iron fortified foods Parents remain in control of what, where and how much food is offered. | Parents encourage a healthy diet with the appropriate amount of each food group. Parents limit the amount of sugar intake. | Child has a favorite snack and eats it at the same time every day. Child has a healthy amount of calorie intake of 1200 to 1800 a day | | Parents area only giving milk decreasing the proper food intake Parents allow the toddler to have full control of food amount and type. | Parents have no control over child diet, no proper diet as been initiated Parents allow preschooler to eat candy at any hour and any amount. | Parents allow child to only eat one item which is the child favorite item, no control over diet is taken Child is eating more than recommended amount of calories due to fast-food intake | Pattern of Elimination: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group. | Parent wait for the toddler to be ready for toilet training Positive reinforcement is given when toddler successfully goes in the toilet. | Preschooler is able to flush toilet and was hands with assistance Parents are gentle when preschooler has an accident. | Child is able to control bladder and bowels. Child is able to undress self, relieve them selfs, flush and wash hands with no assists. | Parents are forcing toddler to go in the toilet instead of waiting for them to be ready Negative reinforcement is given making this experience a negative one. | Preschooler has no want or desire to wash hands after using the restroom Parents are negative and discouraging when preschooler has an accident | Child is not able to control bladder, enuresis. Also not able to control bowels, encopresis. Child does not exhibit coordination to undress self, void, wipe, and wash hands. | Pattern of Activity and Exercise: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group. | Toddlers are attempting to dress themselves with assistance They are constantly doing repetitive action to practice their new skill | Preschooler will show increased coordination and confidence Preschooler will role play as an older person and dolls will be a younger person | Child has good body balance and is able to coordinate catching and throwing a ball. Child combines active play with comprehensive task and ideas. | Toddlers are not allowed to assist with dressing self They are stopped from doing repetitive action discouraging them from mastering a new skill | Preschooler will show poor coordination and low confidence Preschool will shy away from imaginary play. | Child demonstrates poor balance and lacks coordination when playing. Child does not find any interest in physical activity. | Cognitive/Perceptual Pattern: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group. Parents allowing the toddler to play and discover safely Parents have set limits to prevent the child from placing themselves in harm’s way when playing | Preschooler is able to recognize her home environment Preschooler will have possibility developed an imaginary friend. | Child starts to demonstrates a mastery of handwriting Child is able to distinguish between past and present. | | Parents prevent the toddler to learn about their environment through play. Toddler is allowed to roam freely outdoors and indoors constantly placing themselves in harm’s way. Preschooler had a hard time recognizing common items or places. Preschooler does not have any encouragement to use imagination. | Childs demonstrates low hand/vision coordination. Child has difficulties with past, present, and future | Pattern of Sleep and Rest: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group. | A good 12 hours of sleep and 1 to 2 naps or quite times are in place at home A set pattern is established before nap time and bedtime to help bring the toddler. Parents will encourage 8 to 12 hours of sleep with one 30 to 60 minute nap or no nap at all. Parents have establishes a positive bedtime routine that allow preschooler to get proper amount of sleep. | Child has the appropriate amount of sleep a night 8-12 hours with no naps Child has a routine and rarely disturbs that routine. | | The toddler does not get an adequate amount of sleep and is fussy or irritable No sleep patterns are established, the toddler sleeps whenever he/she gets tired. | Preschooler in nor encouraged to sleep the proper amount of time Parents have no bedtime routine initiated. Child does not sleep the recommended 8-12 hours a night. Child constantly test parents on bedtime and sleep routine. | Pattern of Self-Perception and Self-Concept: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group. | A toddler would get frustrated when they do not get their way; this frustration is known as a temper tantrum. The toddler would explore their world by climbing, crawling and tasting new things. Parents are promoting new safe activity allowing the preschool to master it by repetitive action Preschools are encouraged and praised for new ideas or behaviors. | Child has positive influences on child likes, talent, and or hobbies Child shows a positive attitude about peers and self image | | The toddles environment is found to be unsafe during a temper tantrum The child’s living conditions place the toddler at risk when exploring his/her surrounding, | Preschooler shy’s away from new activities and actions Preschooler is ridiculed and discouraged when attempted new action or creating ideas. Parents show no or low interest in child likes hobbies and talents causing negative emotions to occur Child constantly expresses self in a negative pattern, child speaks negatively of peers. | Role-Relationship Pattern: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List 2 potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group. | Sibling rivalry begins to be more evident The Toddler takes a step back to wetter their pants and baby talk to get their way. Preschoolers are playing safely along with older children Preschooler begins to define certain actions to certain family roles. | Child care givers maintain a positive relationship without creating equality in roles as caregiver and child. Positive reinforcement is used when child misbehaves | | The parents take side and create a lifelong issue between siblings The Parents do not address the regression the child is purposely doing. | Preschool is unable to establish relationship with other children Preschooler is confused of roles in family. Child believes self and caregiver as equals causing a tense and confusing relationship. Parent punishes child without explanation or any positive reinforcement. | Sexuality – Reproductive Pattern: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group. | Exploration of genital area Parents using proper words to describe the genital area. | Preschool related to own gender more but recognizes a gender difference Parents answer sexual/genital question with simple truthful facts. The school age child as in increased awareness of his or her sexuality. Child may be curious about his/her body and explore another child sexuality | | Toddler is forbid and punished for normal exploration. Vagina and penis are called other names confusing the child. | Preschooler is unable to recognized different genders Parents react in a negative manner when preschooler asks sexual/gential questions. | School age has no awareness of differences between genders Parents make child feel uncomfortable and shameful when confronted with sexual questions. |

Reinhold Niebuhr (1892

Reinhold Niebuhr (1892-1971) Essay Niebuhr, Reinhold (1892-1971), American Protestant theologian, whose social doctrines profoundly influenced American theological and political thought. Born in Wright City, Missouri, June 21, 1892, he was educated at Elmhurst College, Elmhurst, Illinois; Eden Theological Seminary, Webster Groves, Missouri; and Yale Divinity School. In 1915 he was ordained in the ministry of the Evangelical Synod of North America and made pastor of the Bethel Evangelical Church of Detroit. He held that post until 1928, at which time he joined the faculty of the Union Theological Seminary, New York City, where he taught for 30 years. At the time of his retirement (1960) he held a chair of ethics and theology; he also served as dean (1950-55) and vice president (1955-60). After retiring he continued at Union as a lecturer. An outstanding, although not a systematic, theologian, Niebuhr was notable primarily for his examination of the interrelationships between religion, individuals, and modern society. Outside the field of theology, he took a keen interest in trade union and political affairs. He was an active member of the Socialist Party in the 1930s, waged a vigorous fight against isolationism and pacifism before and during World War II, and in 1944 helped to found the Liberal Party in New York State. He received the U. S. Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1964 and was made a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters. He died on June 1, 1971. Niebuhr indicated his overriding interest in what has been called theological anthropology, a concern with the nature of man as a contact point for religion and society, in such major works as Moral Man and Immoral Society (1932), Interpretation of Christian Ethics (1935), and The Nature and Destiny of Man (2 volumes, 1941, 1943). A penetrating critic of society, he also published Faith and History (1949), Christian Realism and Political Problems (1953), The Self and the Dramas of History (1955), and Structure of Nations and Empires (1959). In addition he edited Christianity and Society, a quarterly, and the biweekly periodical Christianity and Crisis.

Where Would I Be Without Freedom Essays - My Freedom,

Where Would I Be Without Freedom? Where Would I Be Without Freedom? I walk upon the earth and marvel at the ability to let the grass cushion my wandering feet. What if my feet could not wander? What if I were a slave to this rich soil, then where would I be? Society may not be controlled, and it may wander aimlessly perhaps, but it wanders on its own course. I walk with society and against it, and I have the freedom to do this. I would not be able to write such an essay if I didn't have my freedom. It is this freedom that allows me to write an essay differently from other people and is what has taken many others and me as far along in our journey. Freedom is the grass that cushions my step, the softness that allows me to tread anywhere without the fear of persecution. Without this layer of protection I would not want to stray far from what I know. Without protection from the corrupt world, I would remain the same immature child who could not walk far from what I could not see. Light liberates darkness the same as freedom liberates slaves. Darkness is the absence of light just as slavery is merely the absence of freedom. Without the light of this freedom I would be in the shadow of darkness; confined to the barren ignorant lands that light never reaches. Grass ceases to grow and life as I know it would be useless ? dead. The fire that burns within the soul is fueled by the sun, fueled by the liberation and freedom which allows us to fill ourselves with worldly and unworldly beliefs. There is little faith behind a society who does not have the ability to choose its own unworldly beliefs. Being spoon-fed from birth by my Orthodox Baptist parents, I rode my own spirit into the arms of God and the ways of Christianity. Faith may guide many a man and his heart, but freedom guides the soul. No one knows the truth concerning God, religion, or existence, but the freedom to seek the truth like I have has made me whole. Without freedom I would still place myself higher than everything else and perceive myself as my own master. This provincial nature that the world commercializes I once held, but it has been freed by the disuniting of my flesh and its influence upon my mind, soul, and heart. Freedom is too immense a concept to comprehend yet too narrow a word to define, but it drives me. Without it I become dark and meek as I look to the cold earth for heavenly answers. Freedom is there for anyone even slaves. The light needs but to be turned on and ignorance can do nothing but flee.

Tips for Writing Your Dissertation Methodology - Proofed

Tips for Writing Your Dissertation Methodology - Proofed Tips for Writing Your Dissertation’s Methodology Chapter The methodology chapter is one of the most important parts of any dissertation. This is because it’s where you set out your research approach, data-gathering techniques and various other crucial factors. As such, your methodology must be clear, concise and packed with detail. A good methodology chapter will provide a step-by-step breakdown of every stage of your research, ideally so that subsequent researchers would be able to recreate your work at a later date. If that sounds like a lot of pressure, try not to worry: We have a few tips to help make sure that your work fits the scientific bill. And don’t forget that Proofed’s expert proofreaders are available to check your work before handing in, so now there’s no reason that your methodology shouldn’t be perfectly preserved for future scientists! 1. Outline Your Research Approach Your research approach makes a massive difference to the methods you use. Quantitative research, for instance, deals with numerical data and statistics, while qualitative research often focuses on subjective meanings. Clearly stating the approach you’re using will help your reader follow your work. 2. Be Descriptive Detail is key when it comes to methodology. Make sure to describe how your data was gathered and analyzed, as well as relating the sampling method used if relevant. 3. Justify Your Choices Every decision you make should be justified. One way to do this is to consider how the methods you choose help to answer your research question. You may also wish to compare your method with those used in similar existing studies. 4. Methodological Limitations Different methods each have their own strengths and weaknesses. Consider whether the methodology you have chosen has any constraints, perhaps by comparing it with alternative methods that you could have used. 5. Ethics Modern research demands high ethical standards, especially if human subjects are involved. If this is the case with your work, your methodology section should include details of how you have minimized the risk of harm to your subjects. This will include issues of confidentiality and consent. 6. Generalizability Your methodological choices have a direct impact on whether your results can be validly applied to other populations. You should therefore consider whether your work can be generalized within the methodology chapter. 7. Appendices The appendices are your best friend when writing up your methodology. This is where you can put any indirectly relevant material  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ including questionnaires, consent forms and other documents used in the research – so that the main body of your methodology section remains clear and succinct.

Report on TESCO using a case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Report on TESCO using a case study - Essay Example Recently, Philip Clarke, chief executive officer of the firm, has declared that they are opening new spaces of 700000 square feet in order to build new supermarkets. Additionally, Tesco is launching new restaurants for attracting more customers in the supermarkets (Wood, 2014). The technological innovations made by the company are its rare resources in business. The company has developed new electronic self edge labels. Tesco has also introduced a new application for Smartphone and tablet users, named HUDL. This application would allow customers to check product availability in Tesco supermarkets (Wood, 2014). The workers are highly trained and help to enhance overall productivity of business. In addition, the company has recently introduced the new semi-automatic store picking service. Such services of the company are delivered by refrigerated delivery vans. These service resources of the firm are imitable; but, would involve high costs for its competitors (Peng, 2008). The rare and valuable resources of the company can be used appropriately only with the essence of efficient organizational framework. All inbound and outbound logistics branches of the company comprise expert teams of workers who aid in enhancement of quality of services across all the marketplaces. The firm encourages participatory atmosphere in workplaces and hence, constantly implements ways by virtue of which commercial prosperity can be effectively fostered. Initially, majority of company’s profits were generated from its U.K. marketplaces. However, over time, Tesco has expanded its scope of business internationalization and a substantial amount of the profit is yielded from other nations, apart from U.K. Figure 1 in the Appendix shows total turnovers of Tesco from international markets in 2007. Figure 2 in the Appendix shows that from 1998 to 2007, financial resources of Tesco had substantially increased. From 2011 to 2012,

Legal, Social, and Economic Environments of Business Assignment

Legal, Social, and Economic Environments of Business - Assignment Example Despite small businesses enjoying a wide range of advantages over their large business counterparts like lower initial costs, flexibility in terms of operations and maximization of the few niche of customers that they handle, there are still several issues and challenges surrounding the handling of such businesses if not just a few that they have to contend with and manage. The issues revolve around finances of such organizations, management problems including wrangles in leadership and employee issues (Associates & Granville, 1989). The simple survey I carried out revealed to me a gist that many small businesses are at the dire risk of being bankrupt, this majorly arises due to the fact that most small businesses do not have at their disposal a wide range of financial sources to get money (Associates & Granville, 1989). Undercapitalization has also been highly attributed to poor planning and management of the few resources that are at their disposal, in our case there are very creative innovations without financiers. This is also largely attributed to the fact that a private businessperson has access to all the finances of the business and may not be in possession of all the knowledge to manage the resources (Hisrich, 2004). Another contributor to the financial challenges is the fact that small businesses all financial liability finally rests on a single person who becomes liable to all business debts in case of liability hence financial burden. Apart from undercapitalization, most small businesses suffer businesses also suffer problems of general mismanagement due to lack of skills by their owners who act as the central managers to the businesses (Hisrich, 2004). ... Apart from undercapitalization, most small businesses suffer businesses also suffer problems of general mismanagement due to lack of skills by their owners who act as the central managers to the businesses (Hisrich, 2004). This problem can only be eliminated if management can be separated from ownership. Actually this problem as observed in many small businesses resulted from a myth called the â€Å"Entrepreneurial Myth† where an expert in a given filed is believed to be in the position of running a successful business in the same field. This is normally not the case (Associates & Granville, 1989). Problems with employees is normally not that much in small businesses but still due to one on one touch with all its employees the business at times come to loggerheads with its employees (Hisrich, 2004). To help on the challenges above several legally instituted businesses are at the disposal of an entrepreneur to pick from when considering alleviating such issues. One is the sole proprietorship: this is a business entity where there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business (Hisrich, 2004). The owner enjoys all the profits and the benefits, has all the control in business operations with the only major challenge being difficulties in raising capital and harsh local authority taxation laws and regulations (Hisrich, 2004). Secondly, we have the partnerships. As opposed to sole trader, partnership is an association of more than one individual and a maximum of around twenty who in an association spirit comes together and draws what we call a partnership deed that is a legal binding document for all partners (Associates & Granville, 1989). This document defines their extent of operation and business insolvent. In this form of business, profits

Zoning and Eminent Domain Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Zoning and Eminent Domain - Research Paper Example These exclusive rights seen to be enjoyed by individual property owners are bestowed on them by the local or regional governing body. The governing bodies like municipalities, local, state and federal governments are responsible for allocating, issuing private property ownership documents and authorizing the uses of such properties. The most valuable private property is land, which acts as the harbor for other properties like water and air. While private property remains an individual’s domain to exercise their use, it is within the powers of the governing bodies that allocate the private properties’ ownership and use to regulate the excesses of utilization of the property. It is also within the governing bodies’ power to give or take away the ownership albeit in a legal manner that can prove the eligibility and legality of the exercise. Differences between Zoning and Eminent Domain Zoning and eminent domain are two procedures that pertain to private property ownership and use contained within the powers of the private property owner and the governing body. The two processes signify the shift of exclusive powers of ownership and use of private property from the individual to the governing bodies. However, the two processes differ. Zoning is a process used to show the extent of governing bodies’ exclusive powers on private property use while eminent domain shows the governing bodies’ extent use of its powers on private property ownership.

Case study Del Montes vision

Case study Del Montes vision Brand Del Monte is a 118 year old brand which is synonymous with quality and taste. The brand  originated in the US and is now available all across the globe. Del Monte has branded processed food and beverage products. The Del Monte range include Fruit drinks, Ketchup Sauces, Packaged Fruits and the Italian Range consisting of Pasta, Olive Oil and Olives/Jalapenos and a Culinary range which is aimed at HORECA, Foodservices and QSR industries. Bharti Del Monte Joint Venture Del Monte came to India in 2007 courtesy a joint venture company known a FieldFresh Foods Pvt between Bharti Enterprises and Del Monte Pacific. It sells fresh and processed fruits and vegetables in the domestic as well as international markets, including Europe and the Middle East. Bharti enterprise has interests in telecom, agri business, financial services, retail and manufacturing businesses in India. Del Monte Pacific Ltd, headquartered in Manila, Philippines, is a company engaged in the production, marketing, and distribution of Del Monte products in the select Asian markets. Del Monte has following product lines in India: Sauces, Juices, Italian cuisine and Packaged fruit. The market size of these products approximately Rs 4000 crore and it will grow at 20% per annum and faces competition from players like Nestle, Hindustan Unilever, Dabur, Parle Agro, Pepsi, ITC, Heinz in India. The company has invested Rs 300 crore in a food processing plant at Hosur in Tamil Nadu and in research on fruit and vegetables which will be operational by 2011. It is now selling products in 25 cities in India. Product Lines in India Ketchups and Sauces Del Monte has launched following four variants in this product line in India and they are : Del Monte Tomato Ketchup: Is made from quality tomato paste and secret blend of spices natural fragrant oils. Del Monte Zingo: Is made from of Red chillies, Red Bell Pepper, Garlic and Ginger. It offers sweet and spicy eastern taste to the consumers. Del Monte Twango: Del Monte TWANGO is a tangy and fruity sauce specially aimed at the younger audiences, and brings a twist to the tomato taste with a splash of the goodness Del Monte Tomato Chilli Sauce: Del Monte Tomato Chilli Sauce is made from tomato paste and hint of red chillies it has a pungent and tangy taste. Packaged Fruit Corn Del Monte has launched Pineapple Tidbits, Pineapple slices, Peach halves, Prunes and Fruit Cocktails in India. Italian Range Del Monte has launched Olives, Pasta and Extra Virgin Oil in India. These product lines popularly used by Restaurants, Caterers and consumers are also using these products at home. Fruit Drinks Del Monte has launched 5 variants under the Fruit drinks in 240 ml cans and dispensers. Percentage Share of Different Product Lines The graph given below gives the current percentage share of different product lines in India: Chapter 5: Current Marketing Strategy Chapter Highlights: Target Market Positioning Product Strategy Distribution Strategy Pricing Strategy Promotional Strategy CURRENT MARKETING STRATEGY Target Market: The Indian youth segment residing in Indian cities age 16-25 is Del Montes primary target market. Positioning: Del Monte Fruit Drinks current positioning is delivering Refreshment, convenience and nutritional value to the youth. Product Strategy Del Monte Fruit Drinks have 5 flavours: Pineapple Fruit Drink (with real fruit pulp) Four Seasons Fruit Drink (a delightful mix of guava, pineapple and mango) Pineapple-Orange Fruit Drink Green Apple Fruit Drink Orange Fruit Drink Product Benefits: Del Monte fruit drinks are naturally fat and cholesterol free, they are rich in antioxidants, they are a good source of Vitamin C and Vitamin B1 and do not have any artificial preservatives. Packaging: Del Monte Fruit Drink is selling its juices in aluminium cans of 240 ml and so it possible to have a shelf life of 24 months. Del Monte Fruit Drink has setup dispensers which can dispense 20 cups a minute. Distribution Strategy COMPANY WAREHOUSE DISTRIBUTOR GENERAL TRADE RETAILERS/ WHOLESALERS MODERN TRADE RETAILERS END USER HOTELS RESTAURANTS CATERING B2B MARKET B2C MARKET Del Monte products are sold in B2C and B2B markets: B2B market In the Business to Business Market Del Monte fruit drink cans along with other Del Monte products are sold to and used over 2200 institutions in the HORECA: Hotels/Restaurants/ Catering(Airlines) segments. Restaurants like: Coffee Day Xpress, Dominos, Subway and Barista, and low cost airlines like: Jet Lite, Jet Connect and Indigo. Del Monte has over 70 persons they help the distributors to sell to institutions. B2C Market Del Monte operates in B2C market and these products are available in 25 cities including major cities like Delhi/NCR, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Pune and Kolkata. The company has Distributors and Retailers (Modern Trade and General Trade) as its Channel partners. Del Monte has also setup vending machines and dispensers in institutions and tourist spots to reach the end users more effectively. Distributors The company appoints distributors who supply Del Montes product lines (Ketchups Sauces, Italian Range, Fruit Drinks Packaged Fruit Corn) to general trade outlets and to some modern trade outlets in the major cities. Each distributor has approximately 200 -600 retailers under him and the average monthly sales for each distributor is between Rs 250000- Rs 1500000. Del Monte offers a margin of 7% to its distributors. General Trade Retailers/Wholesalers Del Monte supplies products to 30,000 retailers in 25 cities. It supplies to major General Trade Retailers or the Kirana Shops (neighbourhood grocery stores)/Wholesalers in these cities. These retailers/wholesalers get their supply from distributors who take orders on a fortnightly/weekly basis. These shops have an average purchase ticket of Rs 30,000 per month. Modern Trade Retailers Del Monte is supplying its supermarkets, convenient stores (In and Out store at IOCL Petrol pumps) and speciality food stores (Eg: Le Marche) and the company is selling to them directly through its sales force and some of the modern trade outlets are also supplied through distributors. These are organisations purchase their products weekly and their average purchase ticket vary between Rs 20,000 to Rs 2000000. Distribution Penetration Pricing Strategy Del Monte Fruit Drinks are available in 240 ml cans for Rs. 25. The Del Monte fruit drink offered through dispensers is available in 200 ml cups for Rs 20. Promotion Strategy Del Monte has relied on in store promotions for its Fruit Drinks i.e. price discounts, buy one get one offers and promotional material such as posters displays to promote Fruit Drinks in retail outlets. Del Monte launched Legend Brigade to popularise the range of Del Monte fruit drinks in pineapple, four seasons, pineapple-orange and the newly-launched green apple and orange flavours. This activation will travel to metros and mini-metros where the winner will receive a custom-made bike worth Rs 200,000. Del Monte has also launched an online biker game is on at its micro site, www.worldfoody.com to promote thrill of biking.

Medical Testing On Animals :: essays research papers

Animals have been used in medical research for centuries. Most of the animals used for research are rodents - rats, mice, hamsters and gerbils. Some dogs, cats and a variety of goats, ferrets, pigeons, monkeys and rabbits are also used .The struggle against this tyranny is a struggle as important as any of the moral and social issues that have been fought over in recent years. Animal rights are an emotional issue-second only, perhaps, to the bitter abortion debate." For decades the value of animal research has been grossly overrated. Although researchers have depended on animal test data to achieve medical advances, there should be other means of research because testing on animals is cruel, inhumane, and often unnecessary. The American Medical Association believes that research involving animals is absolutely essential to maintaining and improving the health human beings. They point out, that virtually every advance in medical science in the 20th century, from antibiotics to organ transplants, has been achieved either directly or indirectly through the use of animals in laboratory experiments. They also emphasize that animal research holds the key for solutions to AIDS, cancer, heart disease, aging and congenital defects. Lastly they insist that, the result of these experiments has been the elimination or control of many infectious diseases. This has meant a longer, healthier, better life with much less pain and suffering for humans. For many patients, it has meant life it self.However, there should be other means of research because the whole process of animal research remains cruel and inhumane. Animal rights activists have gathered a large amount of information that has closed down many laboratories that violate anti-cruelty statutes. In the past, research labs have had to be subsequently suspended due to animal cruelty. Reports involving horrifyingly painful experiments on monkeys and the filthy laboratories the animals must live in. Animals limited to living in tiny metal cages in which they can barely move. From the capture of primates in the wild, to the "factory-like" breeding of mice and dogs, to the confinement and isolation of cages - research is inherently cruel.Animal research is often unnecessary, history has shown that many important medical advances have been made by clinical research and close observations of human patients, not animals. There are countries that don't use healthy animals to train veterinarians or teach surgical techniques. In England they use only sick or injured animals and do most of their work on animal cadavers.

For Understandable Reasons, the Founders of Sociology

Jessamy O’Dwyer 18/10/2012 Introduction to Sociology Mark: A- Essay Qs. For understandable reasons, the founders of sociology paid little attention to ‘’ environmental issues’’. However modern-day sociologists do. Discuss the sociology of the environment in terms of globalisation, consumption and sustainability. Introduction Over the course of this essay I will address the area of environmental sociology in two parts. Firstly, I hope to explain why the field of environmental sociology was not an area of relevance to the founders of sociological thought.Then in the second part of the essay I will go on to discuss the birth of the field of environmental sociology. Within this new subfield sociologists have written at great length about the many environmental issues facing the world today. Many of these issues are overlapping and interconnected. I will address three of these challenges I believe to be most acute; (1) Globalisation, (2) Human consumption , and (3) Sustainability.Sociology in context The founders of Sociology (Marx, Durkheim and Weber) paid little attention to environmental issues because they were not seen as relevant or particularly problematic to society at the time, and therefore were not considered as topics of significance to classical social scientists. Instead they focused on matters such as poverty, stratification, social inequality, class systems, industrial development, religion and government.The detrimental impact of human beings on our natural surroundings were not yet acknowledged and the â€Å"natural landscape was taken for granted, simply as the backdrop to the much more pressing and urgent social problems generated by industrial capitalism† (Glidden’s, 2007). The Emergence of Environmental Sociology It wasn’t until the late 1960s that environmental issues were first recognised as relevant challenges in the field of sociology. In the United States the 1969 National Environmental Policy Act highlighted the strain hat the environment was under as a result of human consumption, and the increased demands of agriculture and industry. This was one of the first written laws designed to lay down a broad national framework for protecting the environment (NEPA, 1969). The emergence of this subfield was a direct consequence of the growing interest in environmentalism in the 1970’s. I will now address the environmental challenges posed by (1) globalisation, (2) human consumption, and (3) sustainability from a sociological perspective. GlobalisationOne of the contributing factors that has magnified environmental awareness in the latter half of the twentieth century are the impacts of globalisation. Globalisation is a process where the amount of economic, social and cultural activity carried out across national borders is increased. The process of globalisation has significant economic, social and environmental implications, both positive and negative. It ‘ ’enables free flow of goods, capital and technology and thus it becomes a motivational force for nations to develop themselves and (can) create a more gainful environment in the world scenario’’( Alamar.K, 2010). While this growing flow of capital, technology and trade has arguably helped the developed nations of the world to expand further, this has often come at the expense and exploitation of natural resources in developing countries. For example ‘’the demand for hardwood and woodchips in developed countries, such as Japan and the Netherlands, accelerates deforestation, soil impoverishment and a loss of local biodiversity in less-developed parts of the world, such as Brazil and Indonesia’’ (Dreher.A, Gaston . N. 2008). The world has been recast as one big universal market place and whilst the benefits of this are many, it is also having a negative effect on our environment. Some of the other negative effects of globalisation on the environment manifest themselves in the increase in air traffic, cars, sea transport, waste and the ever rising consumption of water and fossil energy. These factors all have profound impacts on the environment ranging from local to global (Dreher. A, Gaston. N, 2008).Increased Human Consumption As previously stated in the introduction the issues of globalisation and consumption are interdependent. The increased ‘flow of goods’ made possible by globalisation has led to a greater international demand for consumer goods. Much of the debate surrounding environmental challenges centres on this area of changing human consumption patterns. Consumption refers to â€Å"the goods, services, energy and resources that are used up by people, institutions and societies’’ (Gidden's, 2001).There is a direct correlation between high levels of consumption and economic development. As economies have flourished particularly in developed countries, this in turn has resulted i n the average person having more disposable income to spend on luxuries after necessities. These luxuries come in the form of more food, clothing, personal items, leisure time, cosmetics, holidays, cars and so forth (Giddens 2001). In a lifetime the average person consumes tons of raw materials, which must be extracted, processed and eventually disposed of as waste.In industrialised countries it is becoming increasingly difficult to dispose of the enormous amounts of refuse. Landfills are fast filling up and many urban areas are struggling to find places to dispose of domestic waste. For example, a report released by the Irish Environmental Protection Agency for the year 2011 found that uncollected household waste was estimated at 128,000 tonnes, which is a matter for on-going concern given the likely hood that some of it may have been burned or dumped. This is a trend common to most if not all developed economies.The impact of deforestation is not always confined to the local area; it can also have regional and potentially more global effects (e. g. , global climate change). Human impact as a contributing factor to many regional natural disasters (e. g. Bangladesh floods in 2007) cannot be easily quantified. What is clear however is that we are witnessing major shifts in our natural environment. These changes are manifesting themselves at local level in uncultivable soil, desertification, water contamination and air pollution. SustainabilityThe modern concept of sustainable development has emerged gradually over the last 40 years. During this time individuals, communities, governments, and nongovernmental organisations (NGO’s) have developed an awareness for the importance of the environment and humans’ increasing negative impacts on the natural world (Hardisty. P, 2012). Sustainable development is defined as ‘’the use of renewable resources to promote economic growth, the protection of animal species and biodiversity, and the commi tment to maintaining clean air, water and land’’ (United Nations Our Common Future Report 1987).Sustainable development means that growth, ideally, be carried out in such a way as to recycle physical resources, rather than deplete and destroy them, and to keep pollution levels to a minimum (Gidden’s 2001). Currently a third of the world’s population live directly off their own local produce (UNDP 1998). These people’s livelihoods are entirely dependent on the land. Therefore this makes them extremely vulnerable to any environmental change. One example of these changes is soil degradation experienced in parts of Asia and Africa.As local populations grow, so too does the demand for increased agricultural output, which leads to over-farming (Giddens, 2001). More efficient and sustainable methods of farming need to be urgently employed so as not to completely exhaust the land for future generations. In order for sustainable development to make an impac t it requires individuals, businesses, multinational corporations and the government to commit to a policy of reform in how they consume resources and the methods they use to dispose of solid waste and manage air pollution.There is reluctance amongst many to adapt to sustainable development as they argue it will come at the expense of economic growth. Therefore the real challenge facing environmental sociologists is to find ways to convince or incentivise these individuals and organizations that sustainable development is the only way forward. Conclusion Over the course of this assignment I have explored the emergence of environmental sociology beginning in the 1960s.I have analysed three of the most urgent challenges facing scholars of sociology including globalisation, changing human consumption patterns, and sustainability. One thing that has become apparent is that these challenges are all interlinked, and therefore cannot be addressed in isolation. The effects of globalisation and changing consumer patterns are evident on both a local and global scale. In support of this argument I have endeavoured to provide both local and global examples of the impacts of these sociological forces.Clearly the relationship between humans and the environment is a complex one. Our increasing demand for raw materials is stripping the earth of its already scarce resources, and therefore this relationship is unsustainable, and in urgent need of rebalancing. The urgency and scale of these environmental challenges have meant that sociologists have had to redefine the parameters of classical sociology. If the environment was once merely a ‘backdrop’ to the study of â€Å"human social life, groups and societies† (reference), changing circumstances have dictated that it can no longer be side-lined.Instead, environmental sociology must be understood, appreciated and addressed with the same diligence a traditional disciplines of sociology. Bibliography Books: * G iddens, Anthony, Sociology 4th edition, Polity Press, 2001, Ch. 19, Pg 609-621. * Hardisty, Paul E, Environmental and Economic Sustainability, CRC Press, 2010, Ch. 2. Journals: * Alamar. K and Murali. N, Globalisation, the Environment and sustainable Development, Taylor and Francis Group, London 2010. * Alamar. K and Murali.N, Environmental Management, Sustainable Development and Human Health, Taylor and Francis Group, London, 2008. * Dreher. A, Gaston. N, Martens. P, Measuring Globalisation; Gauging its’ Consequences, Springer Science + Business Media, LLC, 2008. * Internet Resources: * National Environmental Policy Act, 1969 http://www. epa. gov/region1/nepa/ (accessed 7/10/12) * Environmental Protection Agency, Irelands Environmental Challenges and Priorities Report, 2012 http://www. epa. ie/ (accessed 4/10/12)

The Trends of Cloud Computing

The Trends of Cloud Computing Introduction In the past years data storage, access and retrieval have been tedious and time consuming. As times have been changing, different approaches have been considered in undertaking different duties.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Trends of Cloud Computing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This has necessitated the continuous development of technology. This has been done by doing research and improving the current technology as time passes. In the business world, time management and efficiency are key aspects to continuous business growth. This has led to integration of information technology in their day to day operation of the businesses. The advancement of information technology has found its significance in different business aspects which includes: accounting software, computer aided design, computer aided manufacturing, computer assisted dispatch, customer relation management, data warehouse, d ecision support system, electronic data processing, enterprise resource planning, geographic information system, management information system, material requirement planning, strategic enterprise management, supply chain management, product life cycle management and utility computing among others. This paper gives a concise study of cloud computing. The computer and its communication with others form the basis of computing. This paper seeks to explore the trends of cloud computing. Cloud computing There are many versions used to explain cloud computing in, â€Å"Cloud computing is information processing model in which centrally administered computing capabilities are delivered as services, on an as needed basis, across the network to a variety of user facing devices† (Chee Franklin, 2009, p. 4). It therefore refers to accessibility of data to different persons. It is compared to the internet which has accessibility to different individual and acts as the centre for data acce ss. Cloud computing has a centre responsible for handling all the data and making it accessible to the user at their request. It also has the privilege of limiting the access to different individuals according to the agreements made. This reduces the overall costs as the main costs are shared. To ensure uniformity in the computing field there are a number of abstraction that are allowed. The frequently operation one is the open systems interconnections. This ensures universality of software. This also gets rid of dependence of communication on a specific platform. All these regulations are based on the seven layer model.Advertising Looking for term paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The seven layers are â€Å"physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, session layer, Presentation layer and application layer† (Chee Franklin, 2009, p. 4). These layers perform different but specifi c roles. The interactions between the various layers are responsible for efficient open networking. Due to various reasons, there can be failures in the internet providers. With cloud computing the likelihood of the application failures in case of failure by the internet provides. But if all resources required are obtained from the same site, then they will be inaccessible until everything is brought back to its normal operation. This has limitation in that it is not advisable to store crucial data in other machines other than that of the owner. There is also a demerit in integrating applications. This is brought forth by the fact that the server and user are not close in proximity and thus accessibility and manipulation of data is not that free as it is under control. Components of Cloud Computing The cloud computing comprises of different elements. These include clients at the receiving end, the data centre as well as servers which are located at various locations. These different elements are allocated specific task to perform. There are cases when one machine is run from another. This is referred to as Full virtualization. Virtualization occurs when the two platforms have similar hardware platform. Thus one machine acts as the master while the other acts as the servant. This type of virtualization is efficient in case of numerous users. This can be used to control the user’s access to programs. On the other hand, multiple operating systems can run on the same hardware platform. This is referred to as paravirtualization. These different operating systems can run at the same time. Paravirtualization is found to be good and performs well in various deployments. These deployments include: â€Å"disaster recovery, migration and capacity management† (Chee Franklin, 2009, p. 4). Softwares are applications that are installed on the computers. In cloud computing, the users can either avail it through the internet or off-site. Depending on the softwar e availability, they can availed or denied right to alter other systems. Due to the need for different software, some of them are provided. SaaS is one of the providers. It has some benefits which include: â€Å"familiarity, smaller staff requirement, customization, good marketing, web reliability, security as well as more bandwidth† (Chee Franklin, 2009, p. 4). Despite the numerous merits, it also faces obstacles.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Trends of Cloud Computing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some Obstacles The amount of data stored for retrieval is large. Thus an efficient system must be put in place to ensure ease in retrieval and updating. Databases are used for this purpose. They have various advantages which include: â€Å"improved availability, improved performance, less expensive and flexibility† (Chee Franklin, 2009, p. 4). Its main problems are associated with security a nd integrity. In cloud computing, database as a service (DaaS) is very useful and beneficial in ease of accessibility, power, integration and management. There are numerous providers among them Microsoft structured query language (MS SQL) and Oracle. Due the presence of many applications in cloud solution system, there arises the need for identity management. This is applicable by limiting accessibility to users if and only if the login details coincide with those in the database. This avoids unauthorized persons from accessing the information. Identification may be required when accessing both the cloud and the local network. There are also identity federation standards. They outline the operation roles. In the case a user requires secure internet access, the identity provider is used. It is used in the case of many users. The other one is the service provider (Toby, Velte, Velte, Elsenpeter, 2009). It is possible and efficient to run other application from a local server. This is applicable to various institutions and reduces the costs incurred. This is referred to as intranet. The good thing about cloud computing is that it can run on different platforms e.g. Linux and windows 7. This brings about uniformity irrespective of the service provider. Cloud Computing Implementations Cloud computation has various implementations. These includes compute clouds, cloud storage and cloud application. They differ in flexibility and size of organization. The limitation of cloud computing is that, sensitive or restricted data for example medical records are not preferred. There are legislative measures that allow access of data to specified security organs without owners consent. Also there is restriction in posting information outside ones region due to geographical and political reasons. Cloud solution is not effective for dependent application. Thus universal applications are best suited. Full control in cloud solution is not very appropriate. One of the main things to consider in cloud solution is the cost. The overall cost of installing the entire system is very expensive.Advertising Looking for term paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus cloud computing is found to be cost effective due to shared costs. It also reduces work load for the information department of a given corporation. To increase security, data encryption using passwords is used (Meghanathan, 2010). This is also dependent to a higher level to the application used. Programming is the key to application development. One can be able to make different applications that satisfy his specific needs. This is however dependent on individual proficiency in programming. After writing the code, deployment is done to make the self executable files. Graphical user interfaces will be essential for efficient communication between the user and the database. There are various kinds of database architectures. These includes: single tier architecture database, two tier architecture database and multiple tier architecture database. The difference in this architecture is in the number of users. There must be sufficient knowledge on how to avail, manipulate and control the data. Despite the many merits of making a personal database, there are problems which arise in case of multiple users (Ugbolue, 2009). Due to the presence of traffic in communication, there has been on going research on how to approach the problem. The information technology is very active is presenting a future solution to the traffic problem (Slabeva, (2009). The cost of implementing a new system is very expensive and would take too much time. Due to this reason, the current best approach to this problem is to try and modify our current system. This entails the use of items to trace cloud traffic and then using them to control the traffic. One of these modern equipments is a router (Meghanathan, 2010). Thus many institutions in the world are implementing the cloud computing system. On the other hand academic institutions are trying to explore and know more about it. This has resulted in various changes in the flow and accessibility of data. Thus joint collaboration between th e two groups should result into further development in the cloud computing system (Jaatun, 2009). In the business fields, the main benefits are improved quality service provision, cost justifiable service quality, services that meet business, customer and user demands, integrated centralized processes, ones knowledge on his roles and responsibilities and demonstrable performance indicators (Beard, 2008). Despite all these merits, there is a future problem of traffic. Therefore continuous researches have to be conducted to get a way out of this forthcoming mess. References Beard, H. (2008). Cloud Computing Best Practices for Managing and Measuring Processes for On-Demand Computing, Applications and Data Centers in the Cloud with Slas. Pittsburgh, PA: Lulu. Chee, B. J. S. Franklin. C. (2009).  Cloud Computing: Technologies and Strategies of the Ubiquitous Data Center. London, United Kingdom: CRC Press. Jaatun, M. G. (2009). Cloud Computing: First International Conference, CloudCom 2009, Beijing, China, December 1-4, 2009, Proceedings. New York, NY: Springer. Meghanathan, N. (2010). Recent Trends in Network Security and Applications: Third International Conference. New York, NY: Springer Slabeva, K. S. (2009). Grid and Cloud Computing: A Business Perspective on Technology and Applications. New York, NY: Springer Toby, T. Velte, A. Velte, T. J. Elsenpeter, R. C. (2009). Cloud Computing: A Practical Approach. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Professional. Ugbolue, S. C. O. (2009). Polyolefin fibres: industrial and medical applications. London, United Kingdom: CRC Press.

The Impact of Streaming Media essays

The Impact of Streaming Media essays The Impact of Streaming Media on Business In the time since streaming media first made the scene, it has been used in a variety of ways to benefit businesses. Some of these include the following: streaming stock market reports online, advertising for e-commerce, conferences and conference highlights, virtual facilities tours, streaming audio for samples of CDs, streaming video for live web casts of television stations, and distance learning for Universities. First, many companies are streaming their stock reports like TENFORE.com. This can be a real helpful tool because it provides their customers with financial market and business information, in real-time, 24 hours a day. Distribution and access to the information is obtainable through an assortment of different ways. The use of satellite technology is still the most used because of its reliability. Also, this technology is very capable of broadcasting great volumes of real-time data. Next is the area of advertising. Many advertisers are starting to use streaming media as means to reach people for their product. Real Networks, as well as 800.com contracted Millward Brown Interactive, a noted on-line brand research company, to conduct an impact study of an 800.com streaming media add. The study was conducted March 29th through March 31, 1999. They found that overall, people responded well to the ads, and watched them all the way through for the most part. This creates a positive brand attitude. One negative statement, however, included the ads promising a deal too good to be true. The Internet has emerged as the top medium for business communications. With this in mind, it is no wonder that they have begun video conferencing over the Internet. This means that organizations can deliver messages to more than one audience, at different locations, 24 hours a day. Conferencing also lowers cost while driving commerce, thus creating profit. Here are some fea...

PEST(LE) Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

PEST(LE) Analysis - Essay Example PESTLE analysis is done to identify the factors which may affect the smooth journey of Starbucks towards it success. Starbuck is a largest multinational coffeehouse chain in the world, which is based in United States. Starbucks aims at selling dripped brew coffee, hot and cold drinks, espresso-based hot drinks, snacks, coffee mugs and coffee beans. Starbucks also have Entertainment division, Hear Music brand and also markets books and films (Thompson, 2001). Methods used by Starbuck to increase its market size Starbucks from its foundation in Seattle, Washington, has grown in size as a local coffee bean seller by opening new stores all over Seattle. The local growth later slowed but the company expanded in the foreign markets and is opening 7 stores a day worldwide. Today Starbucks market share in the restaurant industry rose by 7% from the previous year 23%. The revenue also rose by 11% to $ 3.36 billion. The global sales at store rose by 6% and that increased the traffic by 5% and the average spending per visit went up to 1% in average. These figures show the success of Starbucks and also encourage the company to increase its market share. ... These beans ensured good quality and thus coffee lovers as well as common people relied on this brand. Starbucks thus penetrated in to the market by ensuring their customers good quality of coffee. Till November 2012, Starbucks had 18000 company owned outlets worldwide of which 13000 are in United States and the rest in other countries. The company has its outlets in 62 countries around the globe and is expanding more to increase its market share in the restaurant industry. In China, Starbucks experienced potential growth and recently there are around 3000 stores. The reason behind the success of the company in China is that it focussed on productivity through innovative products and it also saw expansion through the successful working of grocery channel. In the grocery department, craze for K-Cups and other products have made the brand available in the consumer homes also. Many of the customers of Starbucks have made Starbucks their daily hangouts where they use the free internet co nnection to interact with their friends and the habit continues with the introduction of new menus. Starbucks from its advent went on entering new markets all over the world. Tokyo was the first location for Starbuck outside North America. It established their outlets there in 1996. It entered the market of United Kingdom in 1998. Thereafter it went on entering countries like China, India and expanded their brand them with dignity (Kumar, 2000). Starbucks increased their product line and made their products unique and good in quality. Few of the products are Vanilla Latte, Mocha; White mocha, Caramel Machiatto, Caramel Frappuchino and Mocha Frappuchino. Starbuck gives a tall cup of coffee at just $2.00 and $20.00 for the fanciest drink.

International Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Financial Management - Essay Example To the common man trade is simply the exchange of goods and services between two individuals, groups, and organizations. When trade begins to happen across regional boundaries it is categorized as international trade. Modern day phenomenon such as advancement in technology and globalization have allowed for international trade to happen at a much faster rate over a much larger scale. For this trade to occur smoothly and in order to avoid confusion and chaos; regulation and systematic order are extremely important. For this reason regions join hands to make trade blocs and trade regions which not only allow for a more efficient process but help both the trader and the buyer. In this essay we will be discussing the role of two trading giants, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries  (OPEC), and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA); both of whose introduction caused dramatic changes to the way modern age trade is conducted. Before moving forth it is essential to differentiate between a trade region and a trade bloc. A trade region is essentially an agreement based on regional boundaries. Member countries join such a region based on their geographical location and hence enjoy many trade privileges. An example of a trade region is NAFTA where North American countries come together to form member states. A trade bloc maybe a trade region but it is not necessary since members are made not on geographical proximity but based on ownership of common assets. An example of a trade bloc is OPEC where countries exporting petroleum have come together to ease trade. OPEC was established when five countries (Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela) signed a trade agreement in Baghdad in September 1960. These five countries were then known as the founding members for this organization and were in later years joined by many more countries. Gabon and

Take home final exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Take home final exam - Essay Example The companies may opt to engage both the public and private investors in conducting out research on the occurring trends in the market and the market expectations from the companies to keep the competition real and be ahead of their competitors. The research will make them have hands-on information on the preferences of the customers thereby producing goods that meet their expectations (Mazzucato 76). Partnering with the correct stakeholders in trying to pull up together all the resources that are required to be ahead of their competitors is also another strategy of making sure that the companies are ahead in the market. The industries may end up employing the most qualified personnel and come up with a perfect marketing team that will sell the products of the company widely thereby surpassing the efforts of its competitors. Finally, the companies may try to focus on those programs that tend to encourage them to transform their basic and applied research into new products and manufacturing processes that lead to high-quality goods being produced for the customers (Mazzucato 56). During farmers production, profits and revenue should not be the only factor that the USA farmers should consider. These farmers should also consider factors like time, entrepreneurship and natural resources. During their production, farmers should consider entrepreneurship as a major factor of production. As entrepreneurs, the farmers should consider themselves as innovators and come up with new and improved ways to provide improved products to the market. They should decide on how their land, labor and capital should be used to make sure that they reap maximum profits from their farms. These benefits only accrue to the farmers and they, therefore, need to do many considerations during their production process (Uphoff 40). The farmers also need to put the issue of time in their considerations. The

Book Report Format Essay Example for Free

Book Report Format Essay Topic Format: I.Introduction a.Answer the following questions about the story: i.What is the books plot? (provide a short summary) ii.What is the authors name and personal background? iii.Which other books or stories have they written or co-written? iv.Why did you choose this book? v.Upon finishing it, did the book meet your expectations? II.Body a.Explain the following parts of the story: i.Exposition oWhat are the setting, location, and time period of the story? oWho are the main characters of the book? oWhat is the initial mood of the story? ii.Conflict oWhat is the main problem(s) facing the main characters? oHow does the initial problem(s) increase over time? iii.Climax oWhat event(s) is the highest dramatic point of the story? oWhat is the significance of this event(s)? iv.Resolution oHow are the main characters affected by the climax? oHow does this aftermath propel the story towards its conclusion? v.Conclusion oWhat is the fate of the main characters? oHas the main problem been fully resolved? oAre there any lingering issues left behind (loose ends)? III.Conclusion a.Present your final thoughts about the story: i.What did you like best about the book? ii.What did you like least about the book? iii.What is your favorite scene from the book? iv.What is your overall opinion of the book? v.Would you recommend this book to a friend? Why or why not? Deductions: oNot typed / -5 pts oNo title page / -5 pts oNo standard / -5 pts oSeveral spelling or grammar errors / -5 pts oNumerous spelling or grammar errors / -10 pts oNot in MLA format / -5 pts oNot in proper topic format / -10 pts oMissing a topic section / -10pts oIncomplete papers / no grade

Homelessness Is Not An Option Essay -- essays research papers fc

Research Paper Homelessness Is Not An Option We see them as a crowd, a collective entity; we call them the homeless, as if that defines who they are, but we neglect to add the unspoken word in that title: people. People whom with social disabilities or financial problems usually will be abandoned by the society and become homelessness along the streets.  ¡Ã‚ §During the past year, over two million men, women, and children, or nearly one percent of the US population, were homeless. ¡Ã‚ ¨ (The National Law Center) The growing homeless population is a factor that shows people are suffering unexpected financial problems and struggling in maintaining their life basis. Typically, people have the impressions that homeless people are sloppy, lazy, and irresponsible; however, the truth may be shocked because there are many people who have jobs and non-habitual to drug or alcoholics still remain homeless.  ¡Ã‚ §It is a tragic aspect of our culture that homeless people, in addition to suffering from the hardship of their condition, are subjected to alienation and discrimination by mainstream society. It is even more tragic that alienation and discrimination often spring from incorrect myths and stereotypes which surround homelessness. ¡Ã‚ ¨(The National Law Center) Homelessness results from a complex set of circumstances that require people to choose between food, shelter, and other basic needs. Once the choices are limited which means people can no longer obtain what they need often result in hom...

Is technology a boon or a bane Essay

Technology offers us an escape to inconvenience and makes work lighter and provocative. Personally, technology gives me a lot of benefits. Tasks get lighter, distance gets shorter, communication gets faster, to reiterate some. In my field of work, I use MP3 attached to a speaker to play the songs I want to teach the kids; having said that, I always make sure that I know the song really well that in case of some technical difficulties like interruption of electric power supply or empty batteries, I can still teach the song without using my MP3. Same case when I’m using PowerPoint Presentation. I always have backups. Though technology makes our lives easier, as a teacher we are still reminded that technology will not reach the inner soul of the children. We need to look them in the eye while presenting the lesson through the projector. We need to hold them when we present the sense of touch. We need to utter the words to them when we want them to understand and truly learn the lesson.

Finding the best use for degraded lands in western India Essay

This research paper takes into account different approaches for the use of land in the Western Ghats located on the west coast of India. First of all we will see how this research will use the information that is coming ahead in order to decide which approach should be taken into account. This needs answers and justifications that make an alternative better then the others. Whatever alternative me take upon, first thing first, we need to analyze and enlist both the negative and positive points separately so that we are in a better position in order to make a decision on the behalf of the entire community. Then we need to see weather the alternative that is being implied is cost efficient which means that weather the cost incurred on the implementation of the programme does generate benefit to the community at the same magnitude (Prasad, 2002). A cost benefit analysis is to be don’t in order to see weather the investment on such a programme is beneficial or is a mere waste of money because at this situation, both the people and the government cannot take any risk regarding any such relief programme for which people have been waiting for so long. In continuation to this approach, people of this area are anticipating a long-term solution to their water shortage problem, they want their problem to be solved in the same tenure of the government, without any further time lags, and also they want a solution that they can run themselves even after the administration changes. This is because a system being there and not having adequate resources or authentication to operate is just a mere waste of money and no use to the inhabitants of this village. (Prasad, 2002). The approach that we select through this research paper should be focused on more crop cultivation by the farmers of this area so that they can earn more revenue out of it and hence improve their standard of living. (Prasad, 2002) The area that has been discussed in this research paper is the eastern flank of the Western Ghats in Mahrashtara, India. This area spreads over 180000sq kilometers and is one of the 34 global biologically diversified places. With 30% of all the mammals, plants, fishes and birds in the entire country, the land only comprises of 6% of the total area of the country. This area holds great significance due to its richness in different type of medical that are used in bioengineering research methods and other medicines that we use daily. (Verne, 1999) The area is also known to be one of the richest due to its biodiversity. Moreover this area is also known for having centuries old heritage, values, culture and norms that are still practiced widely among the villagers. Apart from biodiversity, the area has some rich cultural and religious backgrounds which make them stand in the league of highly diverse cultures. They have different rituals norms and values which had led to the creation of separate religious sections which in turn affects decision making at the personal level and hence on the political front. Although, different cultures have brought diversity into the area, the main point over here is to keep them work together so the natural habitat for the endangered species can be saved and the area could be developed in order to protect the biodiversity of the area. (Bull, 2006) The social condition of the area is pathetic as the government officials are notoriously slow in providing the basic services like clean water, schools, hospitals, banks and other recreational services. Lack of the basic amenities of life makes living of the local’s tough which in turn slows down the economic progress of the area. (Bonelle, 2005) Analyzing the topographical situation of the, the area has a mountainous terrain. It receives annual rainfall of around 200-600mm. The rain fall has cycles which vary between two or three months and normally occur between the period of June and September. Lack of water storage facilities makes water a scarce resource because all of its gets dried up in the extreme weather of May and June so there is a dire need of conservation of water. (Bull, 2006) The agriculture sector consists of rice as the only cash crop of this area which is cultivated in the monsoon season starting from June to September. Other crops like grains and pulses are grown after the cash crop is harvested. The fate of the growth of other crops depends on the soil fertility of the left over soil (after being used for sugar cane). Dearth of water coerces farmers to apply expensive fertilizers to keep soil fertile but they are unable to use them due to their exorbitant costs. In turn, these poor farmers have to settle for low quality natural fertilizers like dead leaves, ashes and cow dung which are procured from neighboring areas including other villages and localities. (Verne, 1999) There are three options or alternatives we have to offer to improve the situation of the local inhabitants by lessening their problems and improving their current state of affairs. The alternatives are: 1. A water pipe line to be made in association with the sugar cane mill so cane could be grown in the area. This solution is not a unanimous one but it is suggested by the local politicians who represent the district and federal government. In this way the cultivated sugar cane will earn a handsome amount of revenue to the local population; will bring in water from far flung areas and will also serve the demand of sugar mill. In the long term, it will attract investment for other mills to be set up in the area which would bring in prosperity in the locality as it will create more jobs in the area. 2. Best practices to be adopted from neighboring areas such as Aloke Taluka. Copying the solutions applied to similar problems in other areas shall be beneficial as it would made the conditions of local better, both economically and financially. 3. Lastly, what we can do is just to leave the plan as it is and look for a better venture because no other solution seems to be viable for a problem of this nature. Tackling the last problem first, if no heed is paid to the current problem, it would not harm the county itself except to the cause of biodiversity conservation. These Western Ghats have inhabitants of around 400 – 500 households only which not even contribute to a single percent in the GDP of the country. If we just look it from a different prism, we see that there are other lot of issues left to be dealt with so savings mammals and other endangered species is a good idea but not on the expense of already deprived humans who are dying due to insufficient calorie intake and earn less than 1$ a day which does not satisfy their daily needs. We all are aware of the fact that more than half of India’s population lives below the poverty line and have no nutritious food at their disposal. (Lewis, 2004) Apart from this all, doing nothing on providing water to the locality, it would serve as a push factor for villagers to leave this place and migrate to cities where they can earn good living and can live happily. Global warming is also playing its role as the amount of rain fall is has decreased over the time and the future seems to be bleak too as there would hardly be any sufficient rainfall in years to come. (Lewis, 2004). Secondly, copying the viable and practical practices adopted by Aloke Taluka village is something worth to ponder on. The topography of both the villages is more or less the same so the experience gained in one area will certainly help us out in making strategies on the other area. It would make us analyze and learn what their residents have done for the uplift and development of the village. (Verne, 1999) The village of Aloke Taluka has a very fascinating and captivating programme to conserve water. It is something worth analyzing because it shows the desire by the inhabitants of the area to conserve water as it is a scarce resource for them. The project was initiated with the assistance and collaboration of Windsor University of Canada and the cooperation of local government body. The main mission behind this program was to devise strategies which would pool in water from every possible place (mainly in the areas where the water gets wasted), turning it into a huge reservoir (Lewis, 2004) The land on which the agriculture takes place, had never been used before for this purpose so it remained rich and fertile which resulted in extra yield. Terraces were also built on the tops so to prevent water from running off the slopes and to stop soil erosion too. Another interesting way to conserve water was to store water from the roof sheds of the houses. In this way, water was used in kitchens and for gardening purposes. Aquifers were made in a traditional way so water could be stored in it. (Lewis, 2004)Various other contour bunds, damns and nalla bunds were built with the traditional designing and low excavations include ponds and trenches. These trenches were made at 90 degree to the slop of the hills to stop the runoff water and the rich fertile soil from the surface. Waste from farms was taken to field to make soil fertile. It mostly included cow dung and dead leaves. The elder generation of the village has also set up a committee in the area where meetings are held on the regular basis to talk about and converse things related to the farming practices. (Lewis, 2004). They believe that in the order they carried out their farming practices were far better than today’s as it yielded good results. These ‘nitty gritty’ and tips full of wisdom can only be found in the talk with the elderly men, can not be found in books. They train and coach their fellow farmers who always get something important to learn from them related to the field of farming. To give an example, there is a tree which is admired, valued and honored by the local community. On snooping it further, it was found that that type of a tree always grows in those places where table is closer to the surface, so the land can be dug out to bring out water easily. This research helped a lot as it uncovered many wells and springs located in the area. The main advantage of this knowledge is that it makes researchers think for more sound and viable solutions. It makes them consider natural fertilizers available in the area like cow dung, burned leaves, ashes of left crop etc. (Lewis, 2004)The awareness of using clean water for the fields and live stocks brought many benefits for the village. Before its knowledge people were of the view that they can come with good amount of yield with any kind of water, whether it is dirty or clean. Now when they were made aware of the repercussions of the dirty water, they demand clean water as crops yields more, live stock remains healthy and copious amount of milk is being produced. This also had an overall positive effect on the hygiene of the village as they are getting healthy things to eat without any toxic or unhygienic elements in it. Notion of crop rotation is also practiced over there. It was first started in 16Th century and its main purpose was to give the fields some rest in order to gain some nutrition and minerals so it could give better yield in the next harvest. (Jeffery, 2001). . The disadvantages associated with this solution are also there. First of all they are dealing with the kharif crops and no other cash crops are added to the carts. Also, electricity and gas supply is required for sugar mill to start operating and until its availability to the area; the sugar mill unit can not be set up. Moreover, the water supply is not ensured as there is no permanent canal in the area and it can be a big problem if rainfall cycle gets disturbed. (Jeffery, 2001) Tackling the very the first option of bringing the pipe line, the local representatives who have say in both the federal and district government came up with the proposal of bringing in water from a British made dam located 8km from the area through a pipe line in cooperation and collaboration of Sugar Mill. Seeing from the planner’s point of view, taking water from the neighboring dam will give a respite to locals from importing in costly water tankers from the dam. (Jeffery, 2001) One major positive point behind the whole project is that no hill slopes modifications are required for the construction of pipe line. If we scrutinize the positives of the project more closely we come to a conclusion that water pipe line is always imperative for a locality that is underprivileged due to the insufficient supply of water for most of the year. So in this regard if direct access of water is given to the village, it will not only be used for agricultural purposes but also for the domestic use too. Water is the basic necessity of life so ease of its availability will certainly improve hygiene conditions of the locals. Most of the diseases which pop due to insufficiency of water shall be wiped out due to its supply. Most of all, water will bring in development in the locality as more people will be attracted to the place which would in turn lead to the social development of the area too. (Lewis, 2004). Sugar cane is a cash crop, so cultivating it will for sure help locality to raise its standards from the past. Growing sugar will also exert a pull on Sugar Mill owners to set up their plants near the area so they can procure the crop as soon as it is ready. This would bring in employment for the villagers which would raise their income levels and thus will increase economic activity in the area. Extra revenues will lead to more investments in markets in the village which also include purchase of new land, making of new shops and stores etc. (Wirthman, 2001) If we see the dark side of the picture, one can harbinger that in times to come the plan does not seem to be working efficiently as it is meant to be. First of all, pipe line is not going to generate enough employment for the village which would give the locals a cushion against their financial problems. Moreover when pipe line is completed, villagers will realize that it was a momentary bonus for them as this job was not there on permanent basis. (Wirthman, 2001) Looking at the cultivation of the sugar cane itself, we find out that the farmers from that locality have a weak financial back bone. Sugar cane requires loads of high quality fertilizers and farmers can not afford it so if they use cheap fertilizers, it would produce low and substandard quality crop which would neither be valuable for the cane grower nor to the sugar mill. Also, if we divert our attention to the local government conditions we see that due to vested interests and nepotism, some groups would use their influence in the division of water from the pipe line. Apart form this; maintenance of the pipe line is also a major issue. It is strongly believed that as the pipe line will be there in the hands of the government, it would not be properly maintain which would be drastic in the long term. (Wirthman, 2001) Laying down such a big pipe line is also a daunting task to undertake. Its maintenance is also one of he biggest issues to handle because if its maintenance costs overrun the economic interests of the locality, then it won’t be considered as a good project to undertake. So option number one closes with its all positives and negatives. One big question which raises its ugly head is the cultivating sugar cane. Soil in this area had already lost valuable nutrients which had decreased its fecundity and with every harvest, it will continue to become less fertile. (Wirthman, 2001) The experts have already advised the locals not to grow cane in this area as the soil is on the brink of degradation. The reason is that sugar cane requires a lot of fertilizers along with these nutrients. After two or three harvests, the soil looses its potency and turn into a low nutrient soil which is not good for growing next crop of sugar cane harvest, even for second crops (grains, pulses). Thus in the long run, this pipe line will be used for the domestic purposes only in stead of watering the field for growing the cash crops like sugar cane. (Wirthman, 2001) Conclusion: In the light of all the positives and negatives discussed earlier, we firmly believe that the practices started by villagers of neighboring Aloke Taluka very much gratify all the questions brought forward in the beginning of the research paper. The consequences of these practices would result in great benefit for the entire village and its inhabitants (Verne, 1999). If we analyze it, we see that in the area, 20% of the houses have a direct access to the fresh water from springs whereas rest of the area have an access to water from other different sources which would uplift the living standards of that locality and will make people self sufficient in financial, economical and social terms which would in term enable them to arrange their own amenities of life not being provided by government up till now. The average capacity of water available to people can be raised up to 750 liters a day and can rise further too. This can only take place if 73000cubic meters of water can be stored in around 14 masonry check damns and gabions (Wirthman, 2001). A winter crop can also be grown as an alternative or second crop. This all will generate economic activity in the area which will open up new markets for the villagers adding up extra revenues in their annual income. Uplifting of standards will increase morale of people. They now have a sense that they need to keep their appearance reasonable and keeping up homes and houses is essential. People will now have surplus resources which will be used in research purposes with different cash crops such as grafting and making new ways of minting money. When people will become self sufficient at the lower levels, they would be able to afford school for their children which in the long run will be beneficial for the whole society. Many of the well- off farmers has bought some machinery for their farms in order to mechanize threshing and plowing of their crops and fields. (Prasad, 2002). Reference Ameen, Retrieved June 20, 2008, from Call of the hill Web site: http://westernghats. blogspot. com/(2001 April). Bonelle, M (2005) Forests, Water and People in the Humid Tropics: Past, Present and Future Hydrological Research for Integrated Land and Water Management (International Hydrology Series) . Cambridge University Press. Bull, A (2006). Forest Diversity and Management (Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation). Springer. Jeffery, R (2001) Conflict and Cooperation in Participatory Natural Resource Management (Global Issues) . Palgrave Macmillan. Lewis, M (2004). Forest Diversity and Management (Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation). Ohio University Press. Prasad, R (2002). Research Perspectives in Hydraulics and Water Resources Engineering . World Scientific Publishing Company. Retrieved June 21, 2008, from The Western Ghats Web site: http://highrangephotography.com/wp/wpcontent/publications/SanctuaryAsia_Western%2 0Ghats_4_2001. pdf Simpson, Frank (1998). Retrieved June 21, 2008, from Conjunctive use of water resources in Deccan Trap Web site: http://www. unesco. org/most/bpik13-2. htm Verma, Deepak Thematic Report on Mountain Ecosystems. Retrieved June 21, 2008, Web site: http://www. cbd. int/doc/world/in/in-nr-me-en. pdf Verne, J (1991) The Extraordinary Journeys: Around the World in Eighty Days (Oxford World’s Classics) . Oxford Univ Press Wirthman (2001), A Geomorphology of the Tropics. Springer.