Business Essays - International Market Sales - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1710 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? International Market Sales 1. Introduction Toyota is the automotive company with the biggest market share of the industry and over the course of the last decade has almost doubled it Sales. Growth in Japan has only accounted for 27% of this achievement, highlighting the importance internationalisation has had for Toyotaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ambition to become the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s number one automobile producer. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Business Essays International Market Sales" essay for you Create order Figure 1: Global Market Share (Source: Datamonitor 2008) The Automobiles Industry is one of the few truly global industries as demand is spread around the world, and the big car companies all compete in all markets. Currently NAM still accounts for the biggest market, closely followed by Europe. However Asia-Pacific is the fastest growing market and is likely that over the next couple of years the market shares per regions will converge. Figure 2: Market share by region (Source: Datamonitor 2008) This report will look at understanding the key drivers for internationalisation as well as local differentiation from the perspective of manufacturing and supply chain. In 2007, exactly 50% (all figures are based on Toyota Databook 2008 figures replicated in Appendix 1: Production and Sales by region) of production took place outside Japan, compared to 32% in 1998. This was achieved during a period of intense growth and translates into an expansion of 293% in overseas production capacities, compared to an increase of 134% in production capacity in Japan. Figure 3: Share of Overseas Production as % of total Production The fact that Toyota has internationalised its capacities should not cloud the fact that there is still significant production in Japan for external markets 62% of all cars produced in Japan 2007 were exported. The key export market is NAM, which like most regions shows a production deficit compared to its Sales. The only region where sales equal production is Asia (excluding Japan), all other regions are net importers. Figure 4: Consolidated Vehicle Sales and Production (Source: Toyota Annual Report 2008) To quantify the level of internationalisation a company has achieved, the calculation of a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Transnationality indexà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is used as a measure. It is computed as an average of three ratios. Foreign assets as proportion of total assets Foreign Sales as proportion of total sales Foreign Employees as proportion of total employees: Figure 5 shows the transnationality index for Toyota and its two biggest rivals. The data shows that Toyota is now the most internationalised of these three, and has overtaken Ford who ten years ago was ahead with regards to transnationalization. The comparison also shows the discrepancy between foreign assets, which it leads, and foreign employees, where it scores significantly lower than its competitors. This could indicate a less labour intensive and more effective production as well as a more centralized organization structure that keeps many of the non-asset leveraging staff functions in Japan. 2005 Toyota 2005 GM 2005 Ford 2005 Foreign Assets as proportion of total assets 54% 37% 44% Foreign Sales as proportion of total sales 63% 34% 45% Foreign Employees as proportion of total employees 38% 58% 53% Transnationality index 52% 43% 48% 1996 Foreign Assets as proportion of total assets 35% 25% 31% Foreign Sales as proportion of total sales 47% 32% 45% Foreign Employees as proportion of total employees 23% 34% 38% Transnationality index 35% 30% 38% Figure 5: Transnationality Index for Top 3 Automotive companies (Source: UNCTAD WIR 1998/2007) 2. 1 Globalisation at Toyota The automotive industry is a mature, highly-competitive market that is experiencing global concentration (Datamonitor: Global Automobiles Industry Report 2008). The key driver for growth is the need for increased economies of scale in RD, engineering, design, production and marketing. In addition, regulatory requirements with regards to safety, fuel economy, emissions etc require large central investments. Many competitors of Toyota have engaged in MA and RD alliances, Toyota is one of the few companies that has grown mainly organically. Japan has a home market provided only limited potential for growth, and in fact declined (Sales of 2007 have been only 92% of sales in 1998), therefore international expansion has been the way to enable scale economies. Many of the drivers for internationalisation of its production system can be based on the framework depicted below. Push factors have been cost disadvantages experienced through a relatively costly production environment in Ja pan, cost of shipping for export, and the need for risk diversification with regards to developments in the home market. A maturing market and increased foreign competition have forced Toyota to focus its growth strategy abroad, and the need to internationalise its production network in response to the sales success has followed. Figure 6: Drivers of internationalisation (Source: WBS Course Notes IB, Lesson 5) Car manufacturing is a complex process and its production chain can be broken into three major subprocesses (Bodies, Components and Engines Transmissions) plus assembly, all of which are fairly independent from each other. This lends itself to a globally diversified set of production locations based on the best factor endowments with regards to the needs of the subprocess, i.e. assembly is fairly labour intensive whereas Engines Transmissions is highly technologically advanced process. In short, the key drivers for internationalisation can be summarised below: enabling growth and access to new markets economies of scale: central cost of product development need to control quality have let to a full ownership model reuse of technology à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" standardizing, the lesser parts the better, etc. 2.2 Drivers of localisation Toyota was successful in following its internationalisation strategy and stimulated demand abroad. Initially, it followed an export strategy to meet foreign demand, however encountered trade barriers leading it to a second phase of internationalisation in which it started to build production facilities abroad. Given the highly idiosyncratic production environment of Toyota à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" which has become synonymous for lean operations and quality focus à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this step has created more anxiety than usual, as the Toyota Production system and its supplier system were deemed culturally entwined with the mentality of a Japanese workforce and the keiretsu structures of a the Japanese environment. However the drivers towards a localisation of manufacturing and supply-chain were so strong that Toyota had to attempt transferring its management system and culture into culturally different places. The main drivers that drove this decision were: tariff barriers and pressure for FDI rather than just exports (particularly from the US) off-setting currency risks cost of shipment need to match local taste of consumers One of the key decisions was where to place the new plants abroad. As particularly the auto industry leads to an agglomeration of supporting industries down the value chain, there is significant national and regional government support to be gained as host country governments are aware of the job creation effects and possibilities for home companies in the development of the supplier industries. In addition, these clusters support the knowledge sharing and excellence building, and have a significant impact on technological innovation that can lead to spill-over effects.. Toyota has become famous for its choice of Greenfield sites at rural places, which is firmly linked to the development of its particular organizational capabilities and the need of a workforce that is open to the Toyota approach and can be acculturated to the Toyota way. Therefore Toyota was in a position to chose a location with maximum support of government bodies, and a match to the sales requirements of the region. In 2008, Toyota has 53 manufacturing companies established in 27 countries of the world, see details below: Figure 7: Overseas Manufacturing Companies (Source: Toyota Databook 2008) Given the physical restraints, and particularly the just-in-time system that Toyota has championed, supply chains are required to be local and flexible to meet the different needs. Despite the fact that in theory transaction costs can be minimized through the reduction of suppliers a company entertains relationships with, the benefits of flexibility and local responsiveness outweigh this concept in many cases. As an example, Toyota is now sourcing some of its engines for the European market from Porsche rather than importing it from its own motor production plants. Local responsiveness to the needs of the consumers is another reason why production has become more localised over the last decade. Until shortly, the tastes and preferences of European and American consumers were very diff erent, although the explosion in gasoline prices might lead to a convergence of preferences for fuel efficient cars in the future. It therefore was a logical conclusion to build the models in the regions where they matched the majority of the demand. Whereas this limits scale effects as products are produced in more and smaller plants, the scope effects with regards to core technology, learning effects of generic manufacturing and human resource management techniques still apply, thereby enabling Toyota to implement a production system that can reap the benefits of internationalisation as well as be responsive to its local customers. 3. Summary Toyotas internationalisation strategy has been highly successful, evidenced by a 200% increase in revenues over 10 years with stable profit margins, which stands in sharp comparison to its rivals, particularly its American ones (see graphs below). The push for internationalisation has initially been market seeking given the limitations for growth in its home country Japan. However initially production has not mirrored internationalisation of demand and followed an export model. The restrictive trade policies encountered in Europe and the US however have driven Toyota to internationalise its production capabilities, which it has almost tripled with regards to capacity in the last 10 years. As production capability is considered to be one of Toyotaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s core capabilities lending competitive advantage, it is only stringent that Toyota has opted for a full ownership approach. Toyotaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s production facilities now cover the globe and remain centrally in tegrated, although the key focus on models produced is those that meet local market demand. Achieving the right mix of internationalisation and localisation remains one of the key challenges as the trade-offs of scale economies versus flexibility and customisation remain. Appendix 1: Vehicle Production, Sales and Exports by Region Appendix 2 References Datamonitor (2008): Automobiles Industry Profile: Global. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=32200475site=bsi-live Toyota Corporation (2008), Overseas Production companies. Toyota in the world 2008 Databook, accessed 02.08.2008 https://www.toyota.co.jp/en/about_toyota/in_the_world/pdf2008/26overseas.pdf Toyota Corporation (2008): Vehicle Production, Sales and Exports by Region, Toyota in the world 2008 Databook, accessed 02.08.2008 https://www.toyota.co.jp/en/about_toyota/in_the_world/pdf2008/32sales.pdf Unctad: World Investment report 2007, accessed 02.08.2008-08-03 https://www.unctad.org/en/docs//wir2007_en.pdf Unctad: World Investment report 1998, accessed 02.08.2008-08-03 https://www.unctad.org/en/docs/wir1998_en.pdf WBS course notes (2008): International Business.

The Effects Of Child Abuse On The United States - 1395 Words

It s difficult to comprehend that an adult, often a parent or caregiver, would intentionally hurt an infant or child. Yet nearly a million children are abused in the United States. Unfortunately that excludes children who s incidents of child abuse are unreported and undetected. Child abuse can be defined differently from state to state, but commonly presents in the form of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, neglect and abandonment. The focus of this review is physical abuse, which is defined as non-accidental physical injury, from bruising to fractures to the most serious cases of abuse ending in death (Sink, Hyman, Matheny, Georgopoulos Kleinman, 2010). Non-accidental trauma (NAT) is a leading cause of childhood traumatic injury and death in the United States. It is estimated that 1,400 children died from maltreatment in the United States in 2002, and abusive head trauma (AHT) accounted for 80% of these deaths (Paul Adamo, 2014). AHT, also known as shaken baby syndrome or inflicted traumatic brain injury can be caused by direct blows to the head, dropping or throwing a child, or shaking a child. Though the incident may only last for a few seconds, the effects can last a lifetime. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of the United States, abusive head trauma (AHT) is most common in children under age 5, with children under one year of age at most risk. Nearly all victims of AHT suffer serious, long term health consequences such as visionShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Child Abuse On The Emotional Development Of The Infant To Five Year Old Child In The United States. 681 Words   |  3 PagesThe Effect Of Child Abuse On The Emotional Development Of The Infant To Five Years Old Child In The United States. Child abuse is one of the most serious issues in the United States today. 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More and more children are being effectedRead MoreHistory of Child Abuse1113 Words   |  5 PagesHistory of child abuse BSHS/408 February 15 2016 Chiffone N Shelton Abstract In order to discuss child abuse and neglect it is important to have a clear understanding of what child abuse and neglect is and the different form of child abuse. How the various types of child abuse and neglect are different from one another, ill-treatment of children comes in many forms, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional ill-treatment, and child neglect. Child neglect comes in many forms and occurs when

Child Function Pattern Assessment free essay sample

Pattern of Health Perception and Health Management: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group. | Healthy patterns are established such as brushing their teeth prior to getting dressed and at bedtime Learning to recognize when to wash their hands, | Parents allow preschooler to assist with small task in the kitchen to encourage a healthy lifestyle Preschooler is encouraged to learn basic hygiene. | Child is aware that dirty hand causes illnesses but not why. Parents encourage healthy hygiene such as hand washing and proper bathing | | Parents do not in cooperate toddler in healthy routines like oral hygiene Parents do not help toddler recognize when hand washing is needed. | Parents do no encourage preschoolers to learn about healthy living. Preschooler is not encouraged to maintain basic hygiene | Child disregards dirty hands frequently with no comprehension on why they need to be clean Parents have no Hygienic control over child. | Nutritional-Metabolic Pattern: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group. | Parents are decreasing the amount of milk to increase iron fortified foods Parents remain in control of what, where and how much food is offered. | Parents encourage a healthy diet with the appropriate amount of each food group. Parents limit the amount of sugar intake. | Child has a favorite snack and eats it at the same time every day. Child has a healthy amount of calorie intake of 1200 to 1800 a day | | Parents area only giving milk decreasing the proper food intake Parents allow the toddler to have full control of food amount and type. | Parents have no control over child diet, no proper diet as been initiated Parents allow preschooler to eat candy at any hour and any amount. | Parents allow child to only eat one item which is the child favorite item, no control over diet is taken Child is eating more than recommended amount of calories due to fast-food intake | Pattern of Elimination: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group. | Parent wait for the toddler to be ready for toilet training Positive reinforcement is given when toddler successfully goes in the toilet. | Preschooler is able to flush toilet and was hands with assistance Parents are gentle when preschooler has an accident. | Child is able to control bladder and bowels. Child is able to undress self, relieve them selfs, flush and wash hands with no assists. | Parents are forcing toddler to go in the toilet instead of waiting for them to be ready Negative reinforcement is given making this experience a negative one. | Preschooler has no want or desire to wash hands after using the restroom Parents are negative and discouraging when preschooler has an accident | Child is not able to control bladder, enuresis. Also not able to control bowels, encopresis. Child does not exhibit coordination to undress self, void, wipe, and wash hands. | Pattern of Activity and Exercise: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group. | Toddlers are attempting to dress themselves with assistance They are constantly doing repetitive action to practice their new skill | Preschooler will show increased coordination and confidence Preschooler will role play as an older person and dolls will be a younger person | Child has good body balance and is able to coordinate catching and throwing a ball. Child combines active play with comprehensive task and ideas. | Toddlers are not allowed to assist with dressing self They are stopped from doing repetitive action discouraging them from mastering a new skill | Preschooler will show poor coordination and low confidence Preschool will shy away from imaginary play. | Child demonstrates poor balance and lacks coordination when playing. Child does not find any interest in physical activity. | Cognitive/Perceptual Pattern: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group. Parents allowing the toddler to play and discover safely Parents have set limits to prevent the child from placing themselves in harm’s way when playing | Preschooler is able to recognize her home environment Preschooler will have possibility developed an imaginary friend. | Child starts to demonstrates a mastery of handwriting Child is able to distinguish between past and present. | | Parents prevent the toddler to learn about their environment through play. Toddler is allowed to roam freely outdoors and indoors constantly placing themselves in harm’s way. Preschooler had a hard time recognizing common items or places. Preschooler does not have any encouragement to use imagination. | Childs demonstrates low hand/vision coordination. Child has difficulties with past, present, and future | Pattern of Sleep and Rest: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group. | A good 12 hours of sleep and 1 to 2 naps or quite times are in place at home A set pattern is established before nap time and bedtime to help bring the toddler. Parents will encourage 8 to 12 hours of sleep with one 30 to 60 minute nap or no nap at all. Parents have establishes a positive bedtime routine that allow preschooler to get proper amount of sleep. | Child has the appropriate amount of sleep a night 8-12 hours with no naps Child has a routine and rarely disturbs that routine. | | The toddler does not get an adequate amount of sleep and is fussy or irritable No sleep patterns are established, the toddler sleeps whenever he/she gets tired. | Preschooler in nor encouraged to sleep the proper amount of time Parents have no bedtime routine initiated. Child does not sleep the recommended 8-12 hours a night. Child constantly test parents on bedtime and sleep routine. | Pattern of Self-Perception and Self-Concept: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group. | A toddler would get frustrated when they do not get their way; this frustration is known as a temper tantrum. The toddler would explore their world by climbing, crawling and tasting new things. Parents are promoting new safe activity allowing the preschool to master it by repetitive action Preschools are encouraged and praised for new ideas or behaviors. | Child has positive influences on child likes, talent, and or hobbies Child shows a positive attitude about peers and self image | | The toddles environment is found to be unsafe during a temper tantrum The child’s living conditions place the toddler at risk when exploring his/her surrounding, | Preschooler shy’s away from new activities and actions Preschooler is ridiculed and discouraged when attempted new action or creating ideas. Parents show no or low interest in child likes hobbies and talents causing negative emotions to occur Child constantly expresses self in a negative pattern, child speaks negatively of peers. | Role-Relationship Pattern: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List 2 potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group. | Sibling rivalry begins to be more evident The Toddler takes a step back to wetter their pants and baby talk to get their way. Preschoolers are playing safely along with older children Preschooler begins to define certain actions to certain family roles. | Child care givers maintain a positive relationship without creating equality in roles as caregiver and child. Positive reinforcement is used when child misbehaves | | The parents take side and create a lifelong issue between siblings The Parents do not address the regression the child is purposely doing. | Preschool is unable to establish relationship with other children Preschooler is confused of roles in family. Child believes self and caregiver as equals causing a tense and confusing relationship. Parent punishes child without explanation or any positive reinforcement. | Sexuality – Reproductive Pattern: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group. | Exploration of genital area Parents using proper words to describe the genital area. | Preschool related to own gender more but recognizes a gender difference Parents answer sexual/genital question with simple truthful facts. The school age child as in increased awareness of his or her sexuality. Child may be curious about his/her body and explore another child sexuality | | Toddler is forbid and punished for normal exploration. Vagina and penis are called other names confusing the child. | Preschooler is unable to recognized different genders Parents react in a negative manner when preschooler asks sexual/gential questions. | School age has no awareness of differences between genders Parents make child feel uncomfortable and shameful when confronted with sexual questions. |

Reinhold Niebuhr (1892

Reinhold Niebuhr (1892-1971) Essay Niebuhr, Reinhold (1892-1971), American Protestant theologian, whose social doctrines profoundly influenced American theological and political thought. Born in Wright City, Missouri, June 21, 1892, he was educated at Elmhurst College, Elmhurst, Illinois; Eden Theological Seminary, Webster Groves, Missouri; and Yale Divinity School. In 1915 he was ordained in the ministry of the Evangelical Synod of North America and made pastor of the Bethel Evangelical Church of Detroit. He held that post until 1928, at which time he joined the faculty of the Union Theological Seminary, New York City, where he taught for 30 years. At the time of his retirement (1960) he held a chair of ethics and theology; he also served as dean (1950-55) and vice president (1955-60). After retiring he continued at Union as a lecturer. An outstanding, although not a systematic, theologian, Niebuhr was notable primarily for his examination of the interrelationships between religion, individuals, and modern society. Outside the field of theology, he took a keen interest in trade union and political affairs. He was an active member of the Socialist Party in the 1930s, waged a vigorous fight against isolationism and pacifism before and during World War II, and in 1944 helped to found the Liberal Party in New York State. He received the U. S. Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1964 and was made a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters. He died on June 1, 1971. Niebuhr indicated his overriding interest in what has been called theological anthropology, a concern with the nature of man as a contact point for religion and society, in such major works as Moral Man and Immoral Society (1932), Interpretation of Christian Ethics (1935), and The Nature and Destiny of Man (2 volumes, 1941, 1943). A penetrating critic of society, he also published Faith and History (1949), Christian Realism and Political Problems (1953), The Self and the Dramas of History (1955), and Structure of Nations and Empires (1959). In addition he edited Christianity and Society, a quarterly, and the biweekly periodical Christianity and Crisis.